Recension av Sören Sommelius,
TFF konfliktläkare, kulturredaktör Helsingborgs Dagblad
Det globala kapitalistiska systemet är i upplösning, skriver George Soros
och fruktar en värre ekonomisk kris nu än efter Wall Street-kraschen.

DEN GLOBALA KAPITALISMENS KRIS
George Soros
Översättning: Stefan Lindgren
Norstedts

“Jag var i färd med att förklara varför det globala kapitalistiska systemet var osunt och ohållbart, men före den ryska härdsmältan i augusti 1998 insåg jag inte att det faktiskt var i upplösning.”

Den som skriver så är George Soros, en av samtidens märkligaste personligheter. Han är i dag en av världens rikaste män, som byggt upp sin förmögenhet genom framförallt internationella valutaspekulationer (också mot den svenska kronan) i en kapitalism av allra värsta slag. Han om någon vet alltså hur den globala kapitalismen fungerar.

Soros förebådar ett systemsammanbrott, en global ekonomisk krasch värre än Wall Street, med oförutsägbara konsekvenser. I sin bok “Den globala kapitalismens kris”, som publicerades i USA i december och som nu finns på svenska, i översättning av Stefan Lindgren, påminner Soros om kraschen 1929 och den åtföljande depressionen och skriver: “Hur mycket troligare är det då att den nuvarande versionen av global kapitalism också kommer att sluta illa.” Hans bok pekar på systemets svagheter och är skriven som en väckarklocka. Utvecklingen behöver inte sluta med katastrof. Men om inte spelreglerna ändras kan konsekvenserna bli ödesdigra.

För Soros är den nuvarande situationen en följd särskilt av vad han kallar “marknadsfundamentalisternas” agerande på 80-talet, där han direkt nämner USA:s Ronald Reagan och Englands Margret Thatcher. Deras och andras tro på att demokrati är detsamma som marknadsekonomi är grovt felaktig.

Kapitalismen behöver demokrati som motvikt och äter sig själv utan fungerande samhällen. I dag är kapitalismen sin egen största fiende. Soros påminner om kriserna i Asien och Ryssland och undrar hur länge det dröjer innan krisen sopar bort också demokratiska regeringar &endash; och i slutänden själva det globala kapitalistiska systemet.

En orsak är de internationella finansmarknaderna som med elektronisk hastighet för gigantiska belopp dit där kapitalet har störst avkastning. Tidigare skapade detta konjunkturpendelrörelser. Men alltmer har pendeln ersatts av “ett rivningsklot som slungas mot den ena ekonomin efter den andra”, menar Soros.

George Soros betonar USA:s destruktiva roll i den nya världsordningen. Efter första och andra världskrigen stödde USA Nationernas Förbund respektive FN. Men efter det kalla krigets slut har man gjort raka motsatsen. USA vägrar betala sin medlemsavgift i FN. Man tvekar då det gäller att fylla på Internationella valutafonden. I alla sammanhang agerar USA utifrån renodlat amerikanska intressen, med en chockerande ovilja att samarbeta ens då det gäller något så grundläggande som bildandet av en internationell permanent krigsförbrytartribunal. USA var ett av sju länder (de andra var Kina, Irak, Israel, Libyen, Qatar och Jemen) som motsatte sig domstolen. Samtidigt skyr USA ingenting då det gäller att utöva sin makt internationellt. Soros nämner bombningen av en läkemedelsfabrik i Sudan 1998 som ett av de värsta exemplen. Den nu pågående dagliga terrorbombningen av Irak är något liknande.

USA är i dag den enda kvarvarande supermakten. Men landet är genom sin nuvarande politik knappast längre “den fria världens ledare”, konstaterar Soros. Efter det kalla kriget borde USA agerat för att återupprätta demokratin i Östeuropa. Men man gjorde precis tvärtom, i syfte att brutalt knäcka den forna fienden.

“Femton miljarder dollar öronmärkta för pensionsbetalningar och arbetslöshetsunderstöd i Ryssland 1992 hade kunnat ändra historiens lopp‚ senare spenderade de internationella finansinstitutionerna mycket mer med mycket mindre resultat”, skriver Soros.

Han beskriver dramatiskt inifrån den ryska ekonomiska krisen dag för dag i augusti förra året.

Det storpolitiska spelet präglas nu av akuta åtgärder vid kriser, med små chanser att skapa verklig fred och demokrati för berörda folk. Dessa dagar gäller det kriget i Kosovo.

George Soros förespråkar i stället tidiga krisförebyggande åtgärder, som alltid fungerar mycket bättre och billigare än insatser när konflikter redan gått över i krig. Han själv finansierar själv genom “Sorosfonden för det Öppna samhället” stiftelser som verkar för demokrati i 31 länder, genom insatser som bl a stöder oberoende medier, universitet, fristående institutioner och infrastruktur. De årliga donationerna överskrider 400 miljoner dollar. Jag har själv stött på fondernas arbete på Balkan och blivit mycket imponerad över deras förmåga att uträtta väsentligheter, ofta mot alla odds.

Soros föddes i Ungern i Budapest 1930. Som pojke upplevde han först nazisternas ockupation och sedan det kommunistiska maktövertagandet innan han emigrerade till England och studerade ekonomi.

Där influerades han av den brittiske filosofen Karl Popper och dennes tänkande om det öppna samhället. Poppers utgångspunkt var ett erkännande av att ingen har tillgång till den slutgiltiga sanningen, vilket totalitära system som nazismen och kommunismen gjorde anspråk på. I stället måste vi leva i en ofullkomlig värld i ofullkomliga samhällen med “gränslös förmåga till förbättringar”.

Utifrån denna filosofi, som Soros ingående diskuterar i sin bok, försöker författaren förstå världen och se vad vi kan göra för att undvika ett nytt förödande sammanbrott. Vi lever i ett historiskt ögonblick, menar han. Det är nu världen måste förändras.

“Den globala kapitalismens kris” är en viktig bok för var och en som vill försöka förstå det nuvarande tillståndet i världen, den världsordning som “inte kan beskrivas som någon ordning alls”, därför att det inte finns något “politiskt system som motsvarar det globala kapitalistiska systemet”.

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