Av Poul Villaume
Professor, dr. phil.

16 ferbuar 2004

På attende måned raser med uformindsket styrke debatten, både internationalt og herhjemme, om grundlaget for krigen mod Irak. For de af os, som fra starten påpegede, at den amerikanske (og den britiske) regerings motiver for at vælge krigen havde meget lidt med eventuelle irakiske masseødelæggelsesvåben eller graden af efterlevelse af FN-resolutioner at gøre, er dette ikke overraskende. Trods den omfattende debat er imidlertid nogle afgørende pointer om det nære historiske forløb, som blev fremført af nogle af os, der talte imod krigen, stort set blevet overset eller glemt:

1) I december 1998 beordrede præsident Clinton FNâs våbeninspektører (UNSCOM) trukket ud af Irak, fordi USA og Storbritannien havde besluttet – uden om FNâs Sikkerhedsråd og i øvrigt med aktiv dansk støtte – at gennemføre en bombekampagne mod Irak som “straf” for manglende samarbejde med FN. I sin sidste rapport konkluderede UNSCOM imidlertid dengang, at omkring 95 pct. af Iraks masseødelæggelsesvåben nu var dokumenteret ødelagt, de aller fleste allerede omkring 1995. De sidste fem pct. var man i gang med at opspore, og UNSCOM var ganske optimistisk mht. muligheden herfor ved fortsat inspektionsarbejde og samarbejde med de irakiske myndigheder. Disse oplysninger fra FN, som altså er fra 1998, var naturligvis fuldt tilgængelige for verdensoffentligheden allerede dengang, og de var da også en vigtig del af baggrunden for, at USAâs udenrigsminister Colin Powell i forsommeren 2001 (sic) offentligt udtalte til pressen, at der ikke længere eksisterede nogen væsentlig trussel mod omverdenen fra irakiske masseødelæggelsesvåben.

2) Det er ganske vist rigtigt, at Irak i løbet af 1998 viste sig mindre samarbejdsvillig end tidligere. Men der er blandt nøgterne iagttagere, herunder den senere våbeninspektør Hans Blix, almindelig enighed om, at dette især skyldtes den klart mere aggressive og provokerende arbejdsstil, som våbeninspektørholdene udviste, efter at australieren Richard Butler overtog ledelsen af UNSCOM i 1997. Der er også bred enighed om, at de irakiske myndigheder gradvis mistede incitamentet og interessen for at fortsætte den hidtidige form for samarbejde med våbeninspektørerne, efterhånden som det stod dem klart, at USA (og Storbritannien) på ingen måde var indstillet på at lempe de uhørt drakoniske sanktioner imod landet siden 1991, uanset hvor store mængder masseødelæggelsesvåben, der blev destrueret. Gentagne forslag fra FN-Sikkerhedsrådsmedlemmer som Frankrig og Rusland i sidste halvdel af 1990’erne om at lempe sanktionerne blev pure afvist af USA, også selv om en stribe af rapporter fra forskellige FN-underorganisationer og andre uafhængige eksperter påviste, at sanktionerne var den direkte årsag til en uhyggelig, kolossal overdødelighed blandt civile irakere – langt over en halv million døde, især ældre, børn og kvinder. FNâs sanktionsregime imod Irak havde hurtigt udviklet sig til et sandt, anvendt masseødelæggelsesvåben.

Den begrundede mistanke om, at USAs mål under Clinton i virkeligheden ikke var at komme masseødelæggelsesvåben til livs, men derimod at vælte regimet, fik dette til i højere grad at opføre sig, som om det (måske) alligevel stadig havde nogle masseødelæggelsesvåben – altså som et forsøg på afskrækkelse af et regulært militært angreb på landet. Mindst tre FN-embedsmænd, som havde haft ledende positioner i FNâs sanktions- og våbenkontrolregime, forlod i protest deres poster sidst i 1990’erne og blev skarpe kritikere af den amerikanske Irak-politik, som de anså for at være direkte kontraproduktiv: den styrkede Saddams diktatoriske greb om den irakiske befolkning, som blev tvunget ned på et eksistensminimum og dermed berøvet ethvert overskud til at samle sig i en aktiv opposition mod diktaturet.

3) Argumentet om, at diktaturet i Bagdad ville have udnyttet enhver lempelse af sanktionerne til at genoptage produktionen af masseødelæggelsesvåben og (trusler om) angreb med dem på sine nabolande, ser bort fra to ellers iøjnefaldende kendsgerninger: a) Saddam Hussein brugte kun masseødelæggelsesvåben mod sine egne borgere og mod nabolande, så længe han var sikker på at have Vestmagternes aktive eller stiltiende opbakning til det – dvs. fra 1980 til 1990. b) Efter 1991 var Saddam Hussein effektivt inddæmmet og afskrækket militært – han var “put in a box”, som det hed i velinformerede militære kredse. Militær inddæmning og afskrækkelse virkede som bekendt effektivt i 40 år mod Sovjetunionen og dens enorme arsenaler af masseødelæggelsesvåben, og praksis viste, at denne politik naturligvis også virkede mod Irak. Saddam var ingen irrationel eventyrpolitiker a la Hitler. Han var en brutal, men rationel og forsigtig diktator a la Stalin, som nøje aflæste de herskende magtforhold. Ellers havde han heller ikke kunnet holde sig ved magten i så mange år.

4) En hurtig og afgørende lempelse af de sanktioner, som ensidigt ramte civilbefolkningen så katastrofalt hårdt, ville have kunnet kombineres med fortsat militær inddæmning og målrettede, Îsmarteâ sanktioner mod regimets magtelite. Civilbefolkningen ville være kommet på fode igen og kunne dermed samle kræfter til det opgør med Saddam-regimet, som der utvivlsomt var folkelig opbakning til. Irakernes befrielse ville dermed have været deres eget værk.

Virkelighedsfjernt tankespind, vil nogle utvivlsomt her indvende. Virkelig? Det ville man også have sagt for kun 15 år om Sovjetunionen og dens østeuropæiske satellit-diktaturer, som kort efter smuldrede under befolkningernes pres. Ligesom det f.eks. skete for shah-diktaturet 1979 i Iraks naboland Iran. Historien viser, at sådan går det for regimer, som har mistet al legitimitet og tillid i befolkningens øjne. Havde man på et tidligt tidspunkt fulgt strategien med Îsmarteâ sanktioner mod Iraks magtelite, havde 6-700.000 sagesløse civile irakere, som døde af de Îdummeâ sanktioner i 1990’erne, formentlig have været i live i dag – foruden de 10-20.000 irakere, som blev dræbt under angrebskrigen mod Irak i 2003. Og de i mange araberes øjne så forhadte amerikanske styrker ville i dag ikke være oplagte bombemål for fundamentalistiske terrororganisationer, som med USAs invasion af Irak har fået udvidet deres rekrutteringsgrundlag i de arabisk-muslimske lande i et uoverskueligt omfang.

Terrortruslen mod USA og dets villige allierede er blevet forøget, ikke formindsket. Og reelt frie valg i Irak vil i lang tid fremover formentlig styrke de anti-amerikanske kræfter i landet. Hvilket igen vil føre til, at den massive amerikanske militære tilstedeværelse i Irak (og omegn) vil fortsætte i mange år – med alle de regionale og globale spændinger, det kan indebære.

Der er megen dyster historisk lærdom at hente fra den vestlige politik over for Saddam Husseins Irak gennem de sidste 25-30 år.

POUL VILLAUME
Professor, dr.phil.
Department of History
University of Copenhagen
Njalsgade 102
DK-2300 Copenhagen S – Denmark

Tel: +45 35 32 82 98

villaume@hum.ku.dk

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