Demokratisk underskudd – ikke bare et EU fenomen

Motstanden mot EUs grunnlov hos den vanlige europeer ser ut til å være proporsjonal med elitenes støtte til den samme grunnlov. Denne avstanden mellom de styrende og de styrte er et voksende problem, ikke bare i EU. I så vel diktaturer som formelle demokratier er det en tendens til at det demokratiske underskuddet vokser.

EU og grunnloven

EUs foreslåtte grunnlov møter motstand. Fire hovedområder av begrunnelser dominerer blant de som ikke ønsker grunnloven vedtatt. Det er at “EU er på vei til å bli en superstat”; at “neoliberalt økonomisk system blir lovfestet”; at “EU blir en militærunion med krav på konstant opprustning” og at “det demokratiske underskuddet øker”.

Noen kommentarer til det argumentet.

Til nå har tolv land tatt en beslutning. Ni stater har gjort dette gjennom vedtak i respektive lands parlament. Det er Østerrike, Ungarn, Italia, Tyskland, Hellas, Litauen, Slovakia, Latvia og Slovenia. Tre stater har gjennomført folkeavstemninger. I Spania ble det JA mens Frankrike og Nederland sa NEI. I de tilfeller hvor parlamentene har valgt å ikke spørre folket har det i alle tilfeller blitt et klart JA.

Argumentene for og imot å la spørsmålet avgjøres gjennom folkeavstemninger pågår i flere land. Sverige tilhør de land der statsledelsen mener at dette er noe parlamentets representanter skal avgjøre. At man “spurte folket” om innføring av ny valuta og fikk et klart NEI har nok sin betydning for statsminister Göran Perssons syn på saken. Den gang som nå er det et klart skille mellom landets elite og folkets vilje.

At spørsmålet om hvilken valuta man skal benytte er viktigere enn hvilken grunnlov landet skal ha er vanskelig å forstå. Og dette er en grunnlov som overstyrer mye av det som i dag bestemmes av det enkelte lands parlament. Malta, Finland, Estland, Kypros og Belgia planlegger å følge samme linje som Sverige og la parlamentet avgjøre spørsmålet.

I vårt andre naboland, Danmark, viser opinionsmålingen at folket nok vil røste NEI dersom de blir spurt. Nå har Danmark en tradisjon av å “fortsette å spørre folket” til makthaverne får det svar de ønsker seg, så der er det kanskje ikke så viktig om regjeringen og Folketinget lar det gå til folkeavstemming eller ei. Portugal, Den Tsjekkiske Republikk, Irland og Luxemburg har lovet å holde folkeavstemninger for å avgjøre om grunnloven skal vedtas eller ei. I Storbritannia og Polen er det tvilsom om det blir noen folkeavstemning, men de sitter fortsatt på gjerdet.

Det er her et mønster der eliten har en annen oppfatning enn folk i allmennhet i dette spørsmålet. Og det er ikke bare den politiske eliten som skiller lag med vanlig folk. De store organisasjonene og bedriftene har oftest også et langt mer positivt syn på EUs grunnlovsforslag enn den vanlige kvinne og mann.

Ikke kun et europeisk fenomen

Dette er heller ikke kun et europeisk fenomen. Verden over ser vi eksempler på at avstanden mellom de styrende og de styrte øker.

Mange arabiske land har en voksende opposisjon fordi lederne er for ettergivende ovenfor USA. Etter at USA i 1991 “befridde” Kuwait og bombet i stykker Iraks infrastruktur har amerikanske tropper fått fotfeste i mange land i regionen. De har bygget baser for armen, flyvåpenet eller marinen og har regelmessige øvelser i majoriteten av arabiske land. Folket misliker dette sterkt da vesten generelt og USA spesielt blir sett på som inntrengere. Her ligger mye av årsaken til at det er lett for ulike motstandgrupper å rekruttere tilhengere. At amerikanerne tillates å ha baser nær de hellige byene Mekka og Medina blir sett på som et enormt svek av folket i Saudi-Arabia.

Når USAs elite snakker om at de ønsker å innføre demokrati verden rundt så er det i realiteten USA-vennlige regimer de ønsker seg. De arabiske diktaturene tas imot med åpne armer i Washington og militærjuntaen i Pakistan er de på god fot med. Det er når land opponerer seg mot den amerikanske utenrikspolitikken de forsøker å bytte ut statsledelsen. Hva folket har for oppfatning er mindre interessant.

Forsøkene på å fjerne president Hugo Chavez i Venezuela er en god illustrasjon på dette. Internt i USA har de nye lovgivningene etter 11. september redusert demokratiet på mange områder. Skjult bak en retorikk av “kamp mot terrorisme” så settes grunnleggende demokratiske fri- og rettigheter til side.

I Syd-Afrika begynner tålmodigheten å ta slutt blant de mange trodde på et bedre liv da Mandela ble valgt til president. Nå innser mange at apartheidsystem fortsetter på det økonomiske området; fattigdom, sykdom og sult er forsatt knyttet til hudfarge. Opposisjonen vokser mot Mbeki som den gjør mot mange andre afrikanske ledere. Han blir ansett som udemokratisk av en voksende del av befolkningen.

I Øst Europa og Sentral Asia har vi de siste årene sett at den økende avstanden mellom folk och elite ført til flere regimeskifter. Massive demonstrasjoner har fjernet upopulære statsledelser i land etter land. Det begynte i Polen tidlig på åttitallet og det siste eksemplet i skrivende stund er Kirgisistan. Men både Aserbajdsjan og Hvitrussland har store opposisjoner som bare venter på det rett tilfellet.

Demokrati er et ord som brukes i festtaler verden rundt. Mens antallet formelle demokratier har økt i siste tiårene så har det i virkeligheten gått i motsatt retning i veldig mange stater. Den europeiske eliten har blitt møtt av folkets røst i de land de har latt folket avgjøre og i mange semidemokratiske stater har folket møtt opp på gater og torg for kreve deres avgang.

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