De inställda revolutionernas land I det mörkaste Peru 2

Reflexioner från en resa

Ayacucho, lite större än Helsingborg och en stad med utpräglad indiansk befolkning ligger i en dal i centrala Anderna, på 2.700 meters höjd.

Bussen från Lima tar tio timmar. Den asfalterade vägen (byggd på 90-talet) går över flera pass, det högsta är 4.700 meter, nära snöklädda bergstoppar, över höglandsängar med betande lama- och alpachadjur.

Ayacuchos luft är utspädd. Jag gäspar och kippar efter syre.

– Vädret i Ayacucho skiftar lika snabbt från varm til kallt som de andinska kvinnornas temperament, skrattar Aldo, student vid stadens universitet.

Det centrala torget Plaza de Armas omges av låga hus med arkader, både spanskt kolonialt och andinskt. Katedralens båda klockor visar två olika tider, men bara av misstag. Det är en magisk plats – och en arena för maktutövning. En ryttarstaty av general Sucre drar sabeln mot himlen.

Här rör sig ett mikrokosmos av det peruanska samhället. En indiankvinna har ett barn på ryggen och tre i kjolarna. Hippa ungdomar från Lima rantar omkring i jeans.

Turistkontorets marknadsundersökare frågar mig vad en dagslön är i mitt land och jag drar till med en summa.

– Här är den fem nuevo soles, suckar hon. Femton kronor.

Sedan undrar hon om jag blivit rånad. Underlig fråga i en enkät.

Under påskveckan, Semana Santa, blir Plaza de Armas scen för rader av religiösa processioner med final klockan fem på påskdagens morgon. Peruansk tv direktsänder. Folk dansar på torget. Det är karneval, religiös passion och orgier i fyrverkeri och musik. Dagen därpå är det arméns tur. Sjungande soldater paraderar runt torget.

Moderniseringen har inte nått Ayacucho, framförallt därför att staden var centrum för den maoistiska gerillarörelsen Sendero Luminoso, “Den lysande stigen”, vars ledare Abimael Guzmán var professor i filosofi vid universitet här.

Gerillans mål var ett rättvisare samhälle. Men kampen urartade i terror med brutal vedergällning från militärmakten. Småfolket drabbades. Flykten från landsbygden till storstäderna accelererade i ett samhälle svårt sargat av inbördeskrigets urskiljningslösa våld.

Guzmán greps 1992, dömdes till livstid och förevisades för press och allmänhet i bur i randiga fångkläder, som vore han en medlem av Björnligan. När också andra ledande senderister gripits avslutades ett drygt decennium av blodigt våld, såväl revolutionärt som kontrarevolutionärt.

Då hade 30.000 människor dödats från 1980 till 1997, mest campesinos, bönder, antagligen lika många av gerillan som av polis och militär i motaktioner, utförda också med stöd från juntans Argentina och USA. Våren 2002 har en Sannings- och Försoningskommission inlett arbetet med att granska vad som hände under dessa svarta år. Den generella amnestin för militärer har upphävts.

Gerillan är dock inte slutgiltigt krossad och den fattigdom och de orättvisor ur vilka den föddes har snarare förvärrats. Men år 2002 råder fred, trots allt.

Under åren av gerillakrig kontrollerades Ayacucho av militärer. Turismen har kommit i gång först de senaste fyra, fem åren.

Oväntat hör jag ordet “luminoso” och lystrar. Någon säljer “rosarios luminosos“, självlysande radband, årets fluga kantänka. Tiderna skiftar.

Ayacucho har en lång tradition som hantverksstad. På väg från den traditionella marknaden möter jag en grupp människor som bär på en vit barnkista.

Jag har stått och fotat folklivet. Reflexmässigt fotograferar jag också processionen med kistan – och känner avsmak inför min roll som utanförstående turist.

Peru har en “allt-eller-inget”-geografi. Kustöknen, där Lima ligger, hör i vissa delar till jordens torraste områden. I öster finns la selva, den tropiska regnskogen som upptar sextio procent av landets yta. Ayacucho ligger i sierran, i Anderna, det som var inkafolkets hjärtland.

Andinska indianer dominerar stadsbilden i Ayacucho, många i traditionella färgstarka kläder, kvinnorna med stora hattar och ett tygstycke, en mantas, över axeln för att bära barn och bördor. Den indianska befolkningen talar i stor utsträckning fortfarande sitt språk quechua, från vilket svenskan fått åtminstone ett ord, kondor.

På quechua heter god dag “napaykullayki“, tack “yusulipayaki” och mamma “mama”.

Quechua hade inget skriftspråk. Med en muntligt överförd historia fick inkafolket i stället en rik tradition av sånger och berättelser.

Ruinstaden Wari ligger några mil utanför Ayacucho. Wari var huvudstad med 50.000 invånare i en av de högkulturer som föregick inka, under åren 600 – 1000 e. Kr, Perus första urbana kultur. En stad med 50.000 invånare år 1000, vad fanns här i Sverige då? Wari kunde varit ett peruanskt Pompeji, om pengar funnits till utgrävningar.

Ytterligare några mil bort ligger Quinua, med ett museum över slaget vid Ayacucho den 9 december 1824. Spanjorerna besegrades här och inte bara Peru utan hela Sydamerika stod fritt från kolonialismen. Dock innebar detta ingen förbättring för folkflertalet.

På slagfältet finns en vit krigsheroisk obelisk. Barn är utklädda till små soldater i hopp om att någon turist ska fotografera och betala dem, samma sak med kvinnor som paraderar med välkammade lamadjur.

I Ayacuchodalen inser jag att Peru är de inställda revolutionernas land.

Sören Sommelius
(Helsingborgs Dagblad 30.6.02)

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