Bokrecension

Christian Palme har som DN:s Balkankorrespondent under åren 1993 – 98 och även annars för samma tidnings utlandsredaktion bevakat krigen förknippade med Jugoslaviens sönderfall. Det har med åren blivit många resor och reportage, från alla delar av den krigsdrabbade regionen men också – sedan 1993 – till Haag och Krigsförbrytartribunalen där.

Palme är både kunnig och engagerad. I sin nya bok “Om ondskan i vår tid” med undertiteln “Sökandet efter rättvisa på Balkan” fokuserar han på tribunalen i Haag och låter ett av de sista kapitlen handla om Slobodan Milosevics entré i rättssalen i Haag den 3 juli förra året. I det allra sista avsnittet fokuserar han på en ödesfråga, upprättandet av en permanent krigsförbrytartribunal, ICC, som kan bli verklighet redan i år, då 60 länder väntas ha ratificerat det s k Romfördraget från 1998, dock inte USA, där Bushregimen med eftertryck motsätter sig tanken.

Ändå är “Om ondskan i vår tid” mindre den plädering för ICC som jag hade hoppats på och mera en förvånande konventionell genomgång av de jugoslaviska upplösningskrigen. Christian Palme söker alltför sällan de bakomliggande orsakerna till det som synes ske. Han väjer snabbt undan i kontroversiella och kritiska sammanhang. Där jag hade väntat mig fyllig analys och spännande resonemang glider författaren förbi ämnet i en bisats.

Palme använder utan att rodna den cyniska termen “Natos humanitära intervention” när han refererar till bombningarna av Kosovo och Serbien 1999. Om han menar att bombningarna var “humanitära” borde han diskuterat sådant som Natos bombningar av flyktingkonvojen med 60 – 70 oskyldiga döda, bombningen av TV-huset i Belgrad, bombningarna av oljeraffinaderier med svåra miljökonsekvenser, Natos användning av “cluster bombs” som främst drabbar civila, användningen av utarmat uran i Natos pansarbrytande projektiler etc. Nu nämner han på några rader i förbifarten att Human Rights Watch och Amnesty International krävt att personal inom Nato skulle åtalas, men avvisats av tribunalen.

Bombningen av TV-huset i Belgrad med 20-talet döda var – för att ta ett tydligt exempel – ett solklart brott mot krigets lagar. När Haagtribunalen inte tog upp frågan drabbade det självklart tribunalens trovärdighet.

Slobodan Milosevic åtalades 26.5 1999 av tribunalen, under pågående bombningar och enbart för uppgivna brott begångna i Kosovo. Hemliga bevis hade serverats domstolen av amerikansk och brittisk militär. Genom åtalet blev Milosevic omöjlig som förhandlingspartner. Risken hade ju annars funnits att man tidigare genom FN nått en förhandlingslösning, vilket inte bara hade gått ut över Natos prestige utan kunde ha påverkat Natos roll i den nya världsordningen. Hela dessa bombningar handlade, menar jag, mera om Natos nya roll i världsordningen än om några humanitära hänsyn. Åtalet kan ses (men inte nödvändigtvis) som ett drag i det spelet. Jag hade förväntat mig en diskussion av Palme, eftersom det hela pekar på ett dilemma när en tribunal kan utnyttjas i ett maktpolitiskt spel.

När det gäller förspelet till bombningarna, de skandalösa Rambouillet-förhandlingarna och de besynnerliga omständigheterna kring den omdiskuterade massakern i Racak är Palme lika undanglidande. Ändå tillhör detta de avgörande frågorna, liksom bombningarnas konsekvens, den stora amerikanska basen Camp Bondsteel i Kosovo.

Palme uppehåller sig också utförligt vid krigen i Bosnien, där det obestridligen begicks vedervärdiga grymheter, som det är av yttersta vikt att de föreläggs en tribunal för fastställande av skuld och utdömande av straff.

Men varför diskuterar han inte alls frågan om en sanningskommission av det slag som verkade i Sydafrika? En krigsförbrytartribunal kan för höga kostnader behandla ett fåtal fall grundligt. Men en sanningskommission skulle kanske mycket bredare och mera djupgående skapa en bild av historien, av det som skedde.

Frågor om mediebilder och propaganda hör också till helheten. Riktigt bekymmersamt blir det när Christian Palme diskuterar den mest kända bilden från de jugoslaviska krigen, utan att med ett ord beröra den debatt och de rättegångar som förts om bilden. Bilden ifråga visar en utmärglad man bakom taggtråd. Den fick tidningarna att sätta rubriker som “Belsen i Bosnien” och ledde till en amerikansk helomvändning i Balkanpolitiken, också till följd av insatser av PR-firman Ruder Finn, som arbetade på uppdrag av regeringen i Sarajevo.

Men bilden är inte vad den utger sig för att vara, vilket är väl dokumenterat och för övrigt påpekades av världens främste expert på krigspropaganda, den brittiske journalisten Phillip Knightley (författare till bl a “Krigets första offer är sanningen”) redan för cirka fem år sedan.

Bokens bästa och mest angelägna kapitel är det sista om behovet av en permanent krigsförbrytartribunal, en fråga som diskuterats alldeles för lite här i landet. Palme påminner om hur tusentals civila och soldater på vild flykt i Kuwaitkrigets slutskede dödades av amerikanskt bombflyg, “med största sannolikhet ett brott mot Genèvekonventionerna”, och skriver “Aldrig mer Dödens motorväg”.

Samtidens krig med nya supervapen drabbar civilbefolkningen på ett förödande vis, samtidigt som folkrätten negligeras också av de mäktigaste staterna. Därför behövs ICC nu mera än någonsin. Det är en av det internationella samfundets mest angelägna frågor, menar jag.

Publicerad i Helsingborgs Dagblad 19.3.02

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