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Det är rikligt dokumenterat att UCK-terroristerna i Makedonien, som har nära samarbete med UCK i Kosovo, har beväpnats och utbildats av Washington. Varför skulle då USA intervenera i Natos regi och bekämpa sin egen ställföreträdande armé? Närvaron av Nato- eller amerikansk-brittisk trupp skulle i stället främja Washingtons strategiska målsättningar. USA för nu återigen krig med ställföreträdare, använder sig av UCK för att strida mot Makedoniens armé, ARM. USA:s KFOR-styrkor i Kosovo är inte direkt inblandade, men amerikansk militär från det privata bolaget MPRI (Military Professional Resources, Inc, ett legoknektsföretag kontrakterat av USA:s försvarsdepartement Pentagon) är rådgivare till UCK och dess makedonska gren, som kallar sig Nationella befrielsearmén.1 Militär personal från den “civila” Kosovos Skyddskår (KPC), dvs UCK under FN:s beteckning, har nu anslutit sig till det makedonska UCK. KPC-reservister har inkallats och KPC:s stabschef Gezim Ostreni “som var avlönad av FN” har utsetts till ställföreträdande “befälhavare” i makedonska UCK. Ett...

1. Debat om behandling af straffelovsovertrædelser er i fuld gang herhjem-me. Skal overtrædelsen behandles ved domstolene eller ved konfliktråd? udover hensynene til ofrene er der da også hensyn at tage til gerningsmændene og hvad med rets-følelsen? Forsøgsordninger etableres og evalueres. Også på internationalt plan afprøves for-skellige muligheder for opgør efter borgerkrige m.v. Skal opgøret foregå ved krigs-domstole eller sand-heds- og forsoningskommissioner? Mange har igennem lang tid arbejdet specifikt med konfliktråd eller internationale tribunaler eller sandheds-kommis-sioner, og besidder megen specialviden om enkelte eller flere af disse reak-tionsmodel-ler. Min vinkel har gennem de seneste år været kon-flikthåndtering i bred forstand, sammen-ligning mellem traditionelle og alternative måder at håndtere konflikter på og med hovedvægten på det vi kan kalde basal konfliktløsning. Herved forstår jeg en teori med dertil knyttet teknik, som i videst muligt omfang tilstræber en løsning, der tilgodeser begge parters behov. Filosofien bag lægger vægt på den gen-sidige afhængighed, som medlemmer...

BokenVÄRLDENS CENTRUMEn essä om globaliseringAv: Stefan JonssonNorstedts “Världens 358 rikaste människor tjänar tillsammans lika mycket som världens 2.5 miljarder fattigaste.” Författaren och journalisten Stefan Jonsson bevakade 1995 FN:s stora sociala konferens i Köpenhamn. I sin nya bok “Världens centrum”, med undertiteln “En essä om globalisering” låter han en indisk utvecklingsteoretiker lägga fram uppgifter om tillståndet i världen. Medan konferensen pågick rapporterade han från den som journalist. I ett av avsnitten i sin bok reflekterar han över tillståndet i världen utifrån konferensens kartläggning av det globala tillståndet. Hur ska man kunna förstå en så ojämlik värld, där samma ekonomiska mekanismer skapar både gigantiska rikedomar åt få och massfattigdom åt andra? Kanske kan man överblicka situationen genom att uppsöka “världens centrum”, för att där finna en punkt varifrån världen kan överblickas. Men hur finner man “världens centrum”? Jonsson funderar. Följ ledarnas limousiner, säger någon. Följ pengarna och penningflödet, rekommenderar en annan. Och...

LONDON – The trial of Slobodan Milosevic, the former strong man of Yugoslavia, set to open in The Hague next week at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, may raise as many questions as it answers. It is not just the double standards of the United States in being the prime instigator of this trial while it refuses to put itself under the writ of the soon-to-be International Criminal Court established to try all crimes against humanity, but also the many underhand and compromised methods used by the Western powers in an attempt to placate the demons of Belgrade during the civil wars of the 1990s. Yet the trial is a major marker in the development of international jurisprudence. After the success of the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials that convicted Nazi and Japanese war leaders, and were conducted despite Churchill’s initial hostility who wanted them just to be taken...

The Uncertain Political Futureof Globalization I. The Sudden Advent of Global War The events of September 11 alter fundamental calculations about the future of global governance, the role of the state, and the policy agenda that is likely to dominate debate in various national, regional, and global arenas. Whether the impact of mega-terror attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon initiate a civilizational war between the West and Islam is highly uncertain at this time, but what seems beyond doubt is that the substantive and symbolic harm inflicted on the United States by Osama Bin Laden’s al-Qaida network, a non-state enemy with visionary goals, forever changes our sense of historical context and of the nature of war and power. Before September 11 the preoccupations of the era seemed captured by the terminology of globalization, and the tensions produced by economistic emphasis on global economic growth as the foundation...

The Bush administration has conducted the first Nuclear Posture Review since 1994, and has released a classified version of the report to Congress. The report, which has not been made public, provides an updated strategic nuclear plan for the United States. It helps to clarify Bush’s promise to President Putin to reduce the deployed US strategic nuclear arsenal by two-thirds to between 2,200 and 1,700 over a ten-year period. The Bush nuclear posture stands on three legs. First, deactivated nuclear weapons will be kept in storage rather than destroyed. Second, the nuclear weapons that are deactivated will be replaced by powerful and accurate conventional weapons. Third, missile defenses will be deployed ostensibly to protect the US from attack by a rogue state or terrorist. Despite the planned reductions in the nuclear arsenal, the Bush administration intends to retain a flexible responsive capability by putting a portion (perhaps most) of the...

Rapport 1, 1 februari 2002 En annan värld är möjlig Bakgrunden I åratal har världens ledande företagare och politiker haft årliga sammankomster i Davos. Där har väldens utveckling diskuterats, planer lagts i informella möten och befolkningens inflytande reducerats till korta rapporter från presskonferenser. Makteliten har i stort sätt ostört kunnat besluta om framtiden utan att alla de som besluten angår har haft insikt eller inflytande. I fjol organiserade representanter för det civila samhället en motkonferens i Porto Alegre, Brasilien. (World Social Forum). Tiotusen deltagare diskuterade de samma frågor om globaliseringen och framtidens utformning som herrarna i Davos. Men denna gång var perspektivet underifrån. Debatterna fördes av de som var förlorarna i den globala utvecklingen. Det hela var så lyckad att man bestämde sig för att göre detta till en årlig företeelse. Nu gäller det alternativen & underifrån-perspektivet Nu samlas sextiotusen representanter i Porto Alegre. I dagarna fem skall globaliseringens många konsekvenser...

The idea behind the EU Europe after the Second World War developed a strong culture of pacifism. Part of this was driven by internal motives. The movement towards European Union was undoubtedly stimulated by the felt need to eliminate tensions between France and Germany, and to make impossible new eruptions within the European continent. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community was, amongst other things, a deliberate attempt to fuse resources and overcome the national economic competition which could bring about a renewal of militarism. Of course, all this unwound within the context of the Cold War, which, as it became more and more dependent on nuclear confrontation, aroused our own peace movements, for nuclear disarmament. Whilst not wishing to sentimentalise these different pacifisms , they undoubtedly became part of a wider culture, which was only partially eclipsed by the end of the Cold War, as a result...

LONDON – Chris Patten, the European commissioner for foreign affairs, said the other day that America had to be careful that after winning the war it didn’t lose the peace. But who can say that America has won the war? It hasn’t “smoked out” Osama bin Laden, the supposed objective. As for losing the peace, yes, the indications are indeed worrying. No one in Washington with their hand over their heart could say that world opinion is now behind America. It may have been momentarily in the immediate aftermath of September 11th but over the months that support has been whittled away. The treatment of the prisoners in Guantanamo has brought it all to a head. Indeed, the very fact that this issue has become so hot, particularly in Europe, is an indication of the deep doubts and reservations in the chancelleries of Western Europe about America’s on-going call to arms....

During his first year in office, George W. Bush has engaged in three wars. His war against terrorism is widely known and discussed. His resolve to fight against evildoers with America’s military might is said to have defined his presidency. The president’s other two wars have received far less attention, but they may end up defining his presidency even more than his war against terrorism. These are his war against international law and his war against the international control of armaments. In the war against international law, the president has shown remarkable boldness in his disdain for the remainder of the international community. He has pulled out of the Kyoto Accords on Global Warming, perhaps the most critical environmental treaty of our time. He has also demonstrated his contempt for the creation of an International Criminal Court that would hold individuals accountable for the types of serious international crimes that...

Gandhi, Arun. Lord Richard Attenborough. Kasturba: a lifeNew Delhi: Penguin Books Ltd., 2000.315 pp, 295 Indian Rs, US $22.51 January 29, 2002 Arun Gandhi, grandson to Mohandas and Kasturba, has written a thorough account of Kasturba’s life. Arun begins with a description of Kasturba’s childhood in Porbandar in the late1800s, before she met Mohandas. By having chosen to embark on difficult research into his grandmother’s life, including her first years which are not well-documented, Arun ensures that the reader receives an intimate and life-long portrait of this amazing woman. Kasturba is presented as a lively woman &endash; obedient, yet with a mind of her own. As the relationship between Kasturba and Mohandas developed, Arun maintains that Kasturba’s influence over Mohandas in her own quiet way also grew, to which some of Mohandas’ writings also attest.  Arun paints a vivid picture of the beginnings of Mohandas’ non-violence movement in South Africa, a...

In a surprise announcement, President Bush has called for a restructuring that would convert the United States of America into a wholly owned subsidiary of the Department of Defense. “This will be a good move for both sides,” the President said. “It will give the Defense Department what they want and it will make the American people feel more secure.” The new entity will be known as the Department of Defense USA (NYSE symbol: DOD). Mr. Bush said that under the new structure he would remain on as president, while Donald Rumsfeld, currently Secretary of Defense, would assume the position of Chairman and Dick Cheney would continue as CEO. The president announced that an important step toward achieving this goal would be to turn over another $48 billion to the Defense Department in fiscal 2003, raising their annual budget to nearly $400 billion. This comes on the heels of a...