Generic thumbnail

Om Saddam, sannings- och försoningsarbete

De senaste 20 åren har 24 sannings- och försoningkommissioner upprättats runtom i världen. Men vad spelar “sanningen” för roll om den inte används politiskt? Sören Sommelius har läst senaste numret av Glänta – väsentliga texter om vår tids grundläggande frågor.

Tidskriften
Glänta 4/2006
Tema Sanning och försoning


Saddam Hussein avrättades årets näst sista dag för brott begångna för mer än 20 år sedan. Diktatorns ansvar för det ohyggliga kriget mot Iran och hans brott mot det kurdiska folket kommer därmed aldrig att rannsakas i domstol. Förre försvarsministern (och krigsförbrytaren, menar jag) Donald Rumsfeld kan sannolikt sova bättre när USA slipper rättslig granskning av amerikanernas mångåriga uppbackning av tyrannen. Också sanningen knäcktes i bödelns snara. En mobilfilm publicerades dagen efter avrättningen och visar en totalt kaotisk avrättning. Folk skriker och knuffas och Saddam rabblar trosbekännelsen tills luckan öppnas. Den officiella film som TV-bolagen världen över visade av avrättningen var däremot regisserad, retuscherad, en lögn.

Människor och folk i Irak har historiskt blivit utsatta för serier av övergrepp, senast under USA:s blodiga ockupation och det nu pågående inbördeskriget. Hur ska fred kunna byggas i ett så sargat land? Förutsätter inte något slags försoning att sanningar om övergrepp och krig synliggörs?

Frågeställningen är inte ny. ”Sanning och försoning” är begrepp som relaterar till varandra i alla slags konflikter. Därför var det med stor nyfikenhet jag började läsa senaste numret av kulturtidskriften Glänta (4/2006) som har begreppsparet som tema. Olika författare behandlar skiftande frågeställningar infallsrikt.

På TV ser jag påven Benedictus XVI hålla sitt nyårstal. Samtidigt läser jag i Glänta en text av den israeliske fredsaktivisten Uri Avnery, en av grundarna till Gush Shalom. Han granskar påvens kontroversiella uttalande om islam förra året. Benedictus klandrade Muhammeds ”befallning att sprida den tro han predikade med hjälp av svärdet”.

Står yttrandet för något slags ”sanning”. Nej, understryker Avnery. Han visar med rader av exempel på hur islam varit mycket mer tolerant mot både judar och kristna än vad kristendomen varit mot oliktänkande. Avnery konstaterar att varje historiskt kunnig jude borde ”känna djup tacksamhet gentemot islam, som har skyddat judarna i femtio generationer, medan den kristna världen förföljde judarna”.

Sannings- och försoningskommissionen i Sydafrika upprättades på initiativ av Nelson Mandela. Tanken var att det var viktigare att upprätta något slags gemensam sanning om apartheids förbrytelser än att döma och bestraffa. Kommissionen var en viktig anledning till att övergången till svart majoritetsstyre skedde så pass fredligt, trots alla historiska ohyggligheter. Ändå var dess arbete behäftat med stora brister, inte minst genom att kvinnliga våldtäktsoffer uteslöts från processen, skriver den sydafrikanska feministen Louise du Toit i Glänta.

Runtom i världen har upprättats 24 olika sanningskommissioner under de senaste 20 åren. Men detta har inte skett i det som en gång var Jugoslavien. Johanna Mannergren Selimovic studerar försoningsprocessen i Bosnien genom att intervjua personer i två bosniska städer. Det som skedde i Srebrenica då 7 000 bosnienmuslimska (bosniakiska) män slaktades av den bosnienserbiska armén under general Mladic är väl känt. Mindre bekanta är händelserna i byn Celibici nära Konjic, där den bosniakiska armén upprättade ett koncentrationsläger för civila bosnienserber.

Johanna Mannergren Selimovic finner i de båda orterna motstridiga berättelser om offer och förövare, om vad som skedde under kriget. Båda sidor odlar sina offermyter medan man relativiserar brott begångna av den egna sidan. Olika etniska grupper har olika ”sanningar” om krigets brott. Många skolor är fortfarande segregerade, till exempel med olika läroplaner för bosniakiska och bosnienkroatiska barn.

Elva år har gått sedan Daytonavtalets eldupphör i Bosnien. Men freden är bräcklig, sanningen selektiv och försoningsprocessen otillräcklig. Daytons etniska regelverk fungerar som hinder i sammanhanget, den internationella Höge Representanten gör landet till ett protektorat. Allt bidrar i onda cirklar till fattigdom, arbetslöshet och fysisk rädsla för nya krig.


Hur viktigt vore det inte att i stället söka sanningar om de vägar som ledde till krig och rimligt gemensamma versioner av krigshändelserna, där också ”de andras” lidande synliggörs. Goda cirklar skulle kunna börja så och utvecklas mot social trygghet, välstånd och demokrati.

I Peru utspelade sig under 1900-talets senaste decennier en blodig konflikt mellan den marxistiska gerillan Sendero Luminoso (”Den skinande stigen”) och regeringstrupper. 70 000 människor beräknas ha fallit offer, de allra flesta småfolk ur den andinska ursprungsbefolkningen i bergen. Anders Johansson har besökt området kring Ayacucho, där gerillan hade sin främsta hemvist. Han har också studerat den peruanska sanningskommission som för tre år sedan la fram en gedigen rapport om det som skedde.
Johansson pekar på en viktig komplikation, på hur sanning och propaganda också hänger samman. Det var den korrupte presidenten Fujimori som grep gerillans ledare Abimael Guzmán och skapade förutsättningar för ett slut på ett utdraget inbördeskrig. Fujimori, nu i landsflykt, skrev sin version av krigets historia. Sanningskommissionen reviderade den genom att visa att också regeringssidan bar en stor del av skulden för det som skedde.

Anders Johansson är skeptisk mot kommissionen, inte för dess rapport utan mera därför att den inte blivit ett politiskt instrument. Vad spelar “sanningen” för roll om inte politiker arbetar vidare utifrån kommissionens slutsatser?

Hans välskrivna essä har som kärna en studie av hur åtta journalister mördades av bybor, som trodde att de åtta tillhörde gerillan. Det var en reguljär avrättning, som orsakade en rad hämndattacker av gerillan, vilka följdes av andra attacker mot byborna av regeringstrupper i helikopter, tills byn mer eller mindre utplånats. Sanningen om journalisterna är välkänd, till skillnad från bybornas sanning. Också sanningar har en klassmässig dimension.

Som helhet innehåller Gläntas temanummer en rad väsentliga texter om några av vår tids grundläggande frågor. Förutom ett etiskt engagemang finns det en estetisk dimension i numret, i texter och bilder som fungerar som rum med många ingångar.

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Read More
Living-Peace-Sign-Budapest-copy
Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
b54a1f10-8c65-4f0b-9dd5-4abc0a7d04cc_2659x2659
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
010
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Screenshot 2026-10-02 011738
Jan ObergPhD, director, The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, TFFLund, Sweden October 2, 2026 This is my full original manuscript. The Chinese Academy of Social Science, CASS, makes two publications out if it. 1. China’s Five-year plan emphasized the capabilities of basic research and original innovation. It is regarded as the goal of the future social development, which, as required, should be significantly enhanced. Can you comment on the importance of original innovation in research and academic study? I believe it is easier to define “original innovation” in the natural sciences than in social sciences. The breaking points of what constitutes something new, or innovative, are not quite as sharp in the latter. But in both fields it is about opening up something that was closed, unseen, unexplored before – making manifest what was earlier latent. Innovations come in many forms and shapes – naming something that was not...
arctic-circle-map
The agreement is catastrophic both because of what it says and what it doesn’t mention. It reduces further the major asset of security policies: Freedom of action. Jan Oberg TFF director September 25, 2026 A couple of hours before the agreement was signed on September 22, 2026, I published the following 13 hypotheses about what it would most likely contain on TFF Substack (in English). I was wrong on only the first point. Contrary to what Trump had written on his Truth Social platform, it does not appear to come into force immediately. In fact, it turned out to be worse than even I had anticipated. After these hypotheses now come a number of reflections in light of what the agreement actually contains, and does not contain, as well as the way in which it has generally been presented by major media outlets and by the public-service broadcaster DR. My...
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...