12. oktober, 2007

For nylig talte jeg med en tidligere canadisk dommer, som sagde at McDonalds måtte misunde domstolene fordi de er i stand til at få folk til at komme tilbage flere gange end McDonalds er. Det var hans ironiske måde at karakterisere retsvæsenet på og hævde, at det i store træk er uegnet til at tage sig af de fleste kriminelle og ikke mindst de kriminelle fra etniske minoriteter – i Canada helt overvejende indianerne.

Også i Danmark diskuteres det hyppigt, hvad man skal stille op med ikke mindst de unge kriminelle indvandrere, og som regel afsynges sangen om nul-tolerance, skærpede strafferammer og flere fængsler, uanset at alle – ja jeg tror faktisk det er alle – ved at disse tiltag har den modsatte virkning. Fængsel er formentlig det dårligste middel til at bekæmpe kriminalitet, og, som en klog mand en gang sagde, kriminalitets-bekæmpelse burde høre hjemme under social- og undervisnings-ministeriet.

Heldigvis har nogen i integrationsministeriet tænkt det samme og har etableret projekter i socialt belastede boligområder. Sammen med den dansk-palæstinensiske læge Amneh Hawwa har jeg afholdt et kursus for arabiske indvandrermødre i dette regi. Udgangspunktet har været, at børnene skal nås gennem deres forældre, for mange forældre har ingen anelse om, hvad deres børn laver af unoder, og derfor er det centrale spørgsmål: hvordan er kommunikationen mellem in casu mødrene og deres børn?

For at trænge ind til kernen i disse problemer har vi på kurset beskæftiget os med udviklingspsykologi, børneopdragelse og konfliktløsning. Overskriften har været tillid: hvordan hjælper du dit barn til at få tillid til verden og ikke mindst til jer som forældre, og hvordan viser du selv dit barn, at du har tillid til det? Tankegangen er, at hvis der er et grundfæstet tillidsforhold mellem forældre og børn, vil børnene fortælle deres forældre, hvad de laver, og hvis de kan være sikre på, at der vil blive lyttet til dem uden løse hænder, vil de betro sig.

Det er naturligvis meget vanskeligt at gøre nytteværdien af en sådan proces op i procenter og eftervise en faldende kriminalitet. Vi er imidlertid ikke i tvivl om, at processen virker, og at man igennem relativt få mødre kan nå mange børn. Det første der slog mig var, hvor ens vi alle er som mødre i vores ambitioner på vore børns vegne. Alle ønsker vi, at vore børn skal klare sig godt, have et godt forhold til os forældre og selvsagt holde sig fra kriminalitet.

Efter sommerens beskrivelser af danske unges sanseløse drukferier er der vel næppe nogen, der er i tvivl om, at det er svært også for danskere at være forældre til unge i dag. Men hvordan tager sådanne beskrivelser sig ikke ud for indvandrerforældre, der ikke holder dem op mod f.eks. frigjortheden i 70erne, men som kommer med helt andre normer og forestillinger om, hvordan unge bør opføre sig. Er der noget at sige til, at de er skræmt fra vid og sans ved tanken om, at deres børn skulle komme ud i noget lignende?

Og hvad gør man, når man er skræmt? Man lukker sig om sig selv og sine traditioner, og frem for at udvide frihedsgraderne snævrer man dem ind. Ikke fordi man er ond og autoritær – eller muslim! – men fordi man er så bange for, hvad der kan ske med børnene.

Vi oplevede hos disse kvinder et ønske om at lære at forstå og hjælpe deres børn bedst muligt, og vi oplevede hvordan det blandt andet gennem rollespil er muligt at anskueliggøre nogle af problemerne og derigennem skabe en dialog. Efter et sådant rollespil mellem en mor og en datter (spillet af en anden mor) konstaterede en af deltagerne, at ”vi er dårlige til at argumentere”. Det var meget præcist set og var et godt afsæt til at diskutere årsagen: de kommer alle fra ikke-demokratiske lande, hvor man er vant til, at det er autoriteterne, der bestemmer, og når man selv bliver en autoritet – som forælder – er det ens tur til at bestemme. Derfor behøver man ikke at forklare, hvorfor barnet ikke må det ene eller det andet, for ”sådan er det bare”, det er ”vores tradition”, og ”sådan vil jeg have det”.

Det betyder også, at barnet ikke lærer at argumentere for, hvorfor det omvendt ønsker noget andet, og det indebærer, at ingen af parterne får lært at forstå og føle, hvorfor de vil have det på den ene eller anden måde.

Vi oplevede som undervisere stor åbenhed hos disse kvinder, fordi vi mødte dem med empati og kendskab til deres kultur. Vi blev begge betaget af kvindernes vilje til at file på faste normer og til at blive sig bevidst, hvorfor de mener, som de mener. Vi så i mødet med disse kvinder, hvad de indvandrerdominerede boligområder kan give af tryghed, men også hvad de betyder af social kontrol. Det kræver mod at gå imod strømmen og lade sine børn tage del i de danske unges friheder, og det kræver mod at indse, at børnene skal leve deres liv her.

Derfor er det så vigtigt at vi hjælper kvinderne, og at vi giver dem styrke til at turde kende den ungdomskultur som deres børn er og skal være en del af. Men det er lige så vigtigt, at vi forstår, at de har en anden historisk baggrund end mange danskere. Flere af deltagerne bærer på en sorg så stor, at smilet aldrig helt kan overtage øjnenes udstråling, krigens traumer ligger der som en ubearbejdet bagage, der ikke vil slippe sit tag. Sorgen er med til at skabe afstand til det danske samfund, der giver så lidt plads til netop den arabiske historiefortælling.

For øvrigt oplevede jeg hos kvinderne den samme fine debatkultur som flere gange har slået mig, når jeg har set indvandrere diskutere indbyrdes i f.eks. DR2’s Deadline. Her er ingen forsøg på at knuse den anden med ufine omskrivninger af, hvad vedkommende har sagt, i stedet ser man en lytten og en villighed til at lade modpartens argumenter rykke ved egne standpunkter. Måske hedder det bare høflighed.

Metoden med at bekæmpe kriminalitet ved at undervise mødre i udviklingspsykologi, børneopdragelse og konfliktløsning kan synes lang og langsommelig. Alligevel er vi ikke i tvivl om at selv om initiativet ikke kan stå alene, er det en af vejene til at skabe en bedre integration. For øvrigt er det også en god sprogstimulation, for intet fremmer lysten til at tale dansk mere, end når indholdet handler om noget af det, man brænder allermest for, nemlig sine børn.

Men er det ikke snarere indvandrermændene, man skal have fat på? Jo, det kan være svært for kvinderne alene at ændre forholdet mellem forældre og børn, og det var helt klart en bekymring hos flere af deltagerne. Derfor kan det også anbefales at lave fædrekurser, så man kan bryde igennem den ofte autoritære faderrolle, som skærpes jo mere faderens autoritet trues i det omgivende samfund.

Men hvad med at gå direkte til de uvorne unge indvandrere? Også en god idé, men måske skulle man prøve noget andet end nul-tolerance, måske skulle man prøve at nå dem ved at hjælpe dem til en positiv identitet, styrke deres rødder, lære dem deres egen historie, gøre dem til stolte dansk-arabere, eller hvad de nu måtte være. Hvis vi berøver indvandrerne muligheden for at blive dansk-tyrkere, dansk-pakistanere osv., så vil de vælge den lette og firkantede identitet der hedder muslim.

For nylig bekræftede en taxachauffør det for mig: han talte flydende dansk, men sagde at han alligevel ikke kunne sige at han var 100 % dansker, ”jeg kan heller ikke sige at jeg er tyrker, for jeg er egentlig kurder, men jeg kan ikke tale kurdisk og er også fremmed der. Derfor siger jeg at jeg er muslim”.

Det kan jo være fint nok, han var tydeligvis på ingen måde ekstremistisk, men hvor ville han dog have haft mange flere strenge at spille på, hvis han havde kunnet sige at han var dansk-kurdisk-tyrker og dertil muslim.

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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