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20:e april, 2009

Gunnar Westberg

Återigen har Kim Jong Il lyckats placera Nordkorea i fokus. ”Utvecklingen i Nordkorea är hotfull” enligt tidningsrubrikerna. Vad finns det att oroa sig över? Och hur har egentligen regimen brutit mot internationella avtal? Man oroar sig för att vi vet så litet om vad som försiggår. Vet man verkligen så litet?

På flygplanet från Beijing till Pyongyang för fyra år sedan träffade vi – en delegation från IPPNW, läkarrörelsen mot kärnvapen – fyra amerikanska kärnvapenexperter. ”Javisst, vi reser regelbundet hit för att träffa våra nordkoreanska kolleger”, sade en av amerikanerna. I gruppen ingick enligt uppgift också den förre chefen för kärnvapenlaboratoriet i Los Alamos, Siegfried Hecker. Denne skrev i en artikel i Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist att han var tveksam om kollegerna från Yongbyon, det nordkoreanska nukleära laboratoriet, skulle lyckas tillverka en atombomb. Den teknologiska nivån var alltför låg. Man hade satsat på en plutoniumbomb, som är en tekniskt sett svår sak att framställa, i stället för en, mycket enklare, uranbomb, eftersom man inte hade teknologi för anrikning av uran.

USA vet ganska mycket

Hecker fick rätt. Amerikanerna vet faktiskt ganska mycket om Nordkoreas kärnteknologi.
Den bomb man testade i oktober 2006 hade en sprängstyrka motsvarande mindre än ett kiloton, medan man i förväg hade uppgett 4-6 kiloton till de kinesiska myndigheterna. Bomben var nästan en blindgångare. Man har troligen plutonium tillräckligt för att tillverka ytterligare några få bomber. Skall man våga testa en gång till?

PÅ samma sätt är det med missilerna. Nordkorea har lyckats serietillverka en missil för kortare distanser, baserad på sovjetisk beprövad teknologi. Denna som tydligen är så pass pålitlig att den kunnat exporteras.   Man har tidigare testat långdistansmissilen Taepodong-2, med misslyckat resultat. Nu försökte man igen, och uppgav att man skulle utplacera en satellit. Återigen misslyckades man. Om Nordkorea skall kunna tillverka en pålitlig och träffsäker långdistansmissil behöver man sannolikt hjälp från andra länder.. Att tillverka en kärnladdning, tillräckligt lätt och tillräckligt stabil för att kunna transporteras med denna missil innebär ytterligare en utmaning.

Nordkorea är så tekniskt efterblivet att man inte kan utveckla avancerade vapen, t ex pålitliga kärnvapenladdade långdistansmissiler. Och den tekniska standarden stiger inte på grund av landets nästa totala isolering.

Nordkorea och icke-spridningsavtalet

Nordkorea anslöt sig 1985 till avtalet mot spridning av kärnvapen, NPT. Det innebar också att man accepterade inspektion av det internationella atomenergiavtalet IAEA. När man 1994 beslöt sig för att tillverka vapenplutonium ur bränslestavarna utvisades IAEA-experterna. Dessa tilläts sedan återkomma, utvisades åter år 2002, återkom,  och har nu åter skickats iväg. Men under den tid de varit på plats har de kunnat se en hel del.

År 2005 lämnade Nordkorea NPT. I och för sig är det tillåtet att lämna detta avtal om ”extraordinära omständigheter” tillkommit.  Ett sådant läge förelåg knappast. FN:s säkerhetsråd beslöt att kräva att Nordkorea skulle upphöra med sitt nukleära program. Nordkorea lydde till slut och började avveckla.

Varför får inte Nordkorea testa raketer?

Säkerhetsrådet beslöt också (resolution 1718) att kräva att Nordkorea skulle upphöra med alla ”ballistiska program”, alltså inte testa offensiva missiler. Det är verkligen tveksamt vilken grund säkerhetsrådet hade för ett sådant beslut. Varför får inte Nordkorea, ensamt bland världens länder, testa missiler?  Det är också tveksamt om Nordkoreas test nyligen bröt mot säkerhetsrådets resolution.

FN:s säkerhetsråd fattar de beslut som ligger i stormakternas intresse och som de kan enas om. Nordkorea har inga vänner. Kina, Nordkoreas viktigaste handelspartner, vill visserligen inte ha mer bråk än nödvändigt med sin fattiga granne, men vill heller inte alltför mycket motsätta sig USA:s krav på sanktioner. USA och Nordkorea har båda intresse av att blåsa upp hotet från Pyongyang. USA får skäl att behålla sin starka ställning i Sydkorea och Japan, och får en ursäkt för att behålla sina kärnvapen.

Vad vill Nordkorea?

Varför trasslar Nordkorea hela tiden? Jo, för att det lönar sig. Nordkorea och framförallt dess egendomlige diktator kommer åter på förstasidorna. Det stärker Kim Jong Il inom landet och i den styrande gruppen. Att han trotsar säkerhetsrådet och stormakterna ger honom ytterligare status. Vidare får man åter möjlighet att, genom att åter lova att avskaffa sina ännu knappast fungerande kärnvapen, förhandla sig till nya leveranser av olja och ris. Om Nordkorea verkligen vill ha ett fredsavtal med USA, som man fortfarande befinner sig i krig med, borde testas i seriösa förhandlingar mellan parterna. Behöver båda länderna varandra som fiender?

Är då inte Nordkorea är särdeles stor bov i ”det internationella samfundet”? Jo, om man ser till det förfärliga förtrycket inom landet. Men när det gäller brott mot internationella avtal är Nordkorea inte värre än många andra länder. Vad Nordkorea nu gör är inte alls lika allvarligt som vad Israel, Indien och Pakistan gör och gjort beträffande kärnvapnen. Israel har dessutom trotsat ett mycket stort antal mycket tydliga beslut från säkerhetsrådet. Skillnaden ligger i stormakternas attityd. Man tillgriper inga sanktioner mot Israel.

Om Nordkorea verkligen vill ha ett fredsavtal med USA, som man fortfarande befinner sig i krig med, borde testas i seriösa förhandlingar mellan parterna. Behöver båda länderna varandra som fiender?

Det verkligt allvarliga hotet

 De fem ”gamla” kärnvapenmakterna Ryssland, USA, Frankrike, Kina och Storbritannien bryter i långt högre grad än Nordkorea mot ingångna avtal när man vägrar uppfylla sina uttryckliga åtaganden att avskaffa sina kärnvapen. Tvärtom håller man, i vart fall de tre förstnämnda länderna, hårt på sin ”rätt” att hålla hela mänskligheten som gisslan genom att ha sina kärnvapen i omedelbar avfyrningsberedskap. Är inte det den största förbrytelsen mot den internationella säkerheten idag?

Nordkorea är en förfärlig diktatur med få motstycken. Det är vi alla överens om. Militärt är landet ett möjligt hot mot Sydkorea. Nords artilleri anses kunna förstöra Seoul genom att beskjuta staden från Nords eget område.  Den stora armen, med över en miljon man i vapen, är visserligen dåligt utrustad, men skulle kanske kunna nå långt in på Sydkoreas område innan den stoppas av sydkoreanskt och amerikanskt flyg – som inte behöver kärnvapen för den uppgiften. Men varför skulle Nordkorea ge sig in på ett sådant självmordsföretag?

Så vad bör man ”göra åt” problemet Nordkorea? Det har jag en del synpunkter på, men det får bli en annan artikel.

Gunnar Westberg

Tidigare president för den internationella läkarrörelsen mot kärnvapen, IPPNW.

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