USAs politik over for Irak:Politiske alternativer – et sammendrag

Af

Udarbejdet af Phyllis Bennis, Stephen Zunes og Martha Honey

Foreign Policy In Focus

 July 26, 2002

USAs nuværende politik over for Irak har slået fejl.

Våbenkontrol

– Artikel 14 i FNs Sikkerhedsråds resolution 687 (resolutionen om sanktioner) udpeger som mål, at der i Mellemøsten skal etableres en zone, “der er fri for masseødelæggelsesvåben og alle fremføringsmidler hertil samt et globalt forbud mod kemiske våben”.

– I år 2000 blev 20% af den internationale våbenhandel på 80 mia $ importeret af de seks provestlige monarkier i området ved den persiske bugt. I stedet for at arbejde frem imod en regional våbenkontrol i området er USA stadig den største leverandør af alle slags våben til dette område, der allerede er overforsynet med våben.

Alternativer

– USA skal fortsætte med et ensidigt forbud mod våbeneksport til Irak.

– IAEA og FN skal foretage regelmæssige inspektioner i Irak, langs Iraks grænser og -med frivilligt samtykke fra de relevante regeringer – hos Iraks nærmeste naboer (Tyrkiet, Iran, Saudi Arabien, Jordan og Syrien).

– USA skal arbejde for oprettelsen af et regionalt sikkerhedssystem i området omfattende de seks kongedømmer samt Iran og Irak. Systemet skal omfatte sådanne tillidsskabende forholdsregler som: et regionalt netværk til hurtig advarsel om militære bevægelser, våbenkontrol, en ramme for et regionalt samarbejde og andre konfliktforebyggende aftaler.

– USA skal – som foreskrevet i artikel 14 i Sikkerhedsrådets resolution nr. 687 – tage initiativ til forhandlinger mellem de førende våbeneksporterende lande for at standse eksporten af alle avancerede våben til Iraks naboer, herunder Tyrkiet, Jordan, Saudi Arabien, De forenede arabiske Emirater, Qatar og Kuwait. USA skal gå foran som et godt eksempel ved at iværksætte et øjeblikkeligt stop for eksport af sådanne våben.

– USA skal tage initiativ til eller støtte, at andre tager initiativ til at starte artikel 14-forhandlinger, som omfatter alle mellemøstlige lande med henblik på at etablere en mellemøstlig zone, der er fri for alle masseødelæggelsesvåben, herunder Israels lager af atomvåben, der aldrig er blevet inspiceret. Våbenkontrol, herunder nedlæggelse af alle programmer for masseødelæggelsesvåben, skal være et højt prioriteret emne i den USA-ledede fredsproces mellem Israel og dets naboer.

Økonomiske sanktioner

– De økonomiske sanktioner, som har været påtvunget Irak de sidste 10, år er de mest omfattende og mest håndhævede sanktioner, der nogensinde er påtvunget et land i nyere tid.

– USA’s politik med at sammenkæde sanktionerne med et ophør af Saddam Hussein’s styre har undermineret legitimiteten af FN’s mere begrænsede mål om at opretholde sanktionerne, indtil FN kunne verificere, at Irak havde ophørt med at producere masseødelæggelsesvåben.

– I Irak har sanktionerne ført til en betydelig styrkelse af styret, fordi de har gjort befolkningen afhængig af regeringen for at få forsyninger af den begrænsede mad og medicin, der er til rådighed. Sanktionerne har ødelagt den irakiske middelklasse, og middelklassen er traditionelt den sociale gruppe, der fører an i bestræbelserne for at gennemføre systemændringer i den arabiske verden.

– Sanktionerne er ansvarlige for tusindvis af dødsfald blandt de mest udsatte irakere, især børn.

– 25% af Iraks indtægter ved det tilladte oliesalg, som går ind på FN’s spærrede konto, bliver af FN’s “kompensationskomite” omdirigeret til Kuwait og andre parter som erstatning for skader under den irakiske invasion og besættelse. At sende penge til et velhavende land som Kuwait skal være sekundært i forhold til at forebygge dødsfald blandt uskyldige børn i Irak.

Alternatives

– Der skal ske en adskillelse mellem de militære og de økonomiske sanktioner.

– Der skal øjeblikkeligt ske et stop for omdirigeringen af 25% af pengene i “olie-for-mad”-fonden, som for øjeblikket går til “kompensationskomiteen”, indtil det tidspunkt, hvor UNICEF og andre internationale organer kan bekræfte, at Iraks humanitære krise er ovre.

– Der skal ske en øjeblikkelig ophævelse af FN’s kontrol med Iraks importkontrakter, men der skal oprettes en mekanisme, så FN’s inspektører i Irak får bedre muligheder for at checke, hvad de importerede varer bruges til.

– Der skal ske en ophævelse af de økonomiske sanktioner. Dette skal omfatte fjernelse af forhindringer for den økonomiske genrejsning af den irakiske økonomi, d.v.s. fjernelse af sanktionskomiteen, der er oprettet i henhold til sikkerhedsrådets resolution 661. Dette organ bedømmer alle “olie-for-mad”-kontrakter og tilbageholder for øjeblikket humanitære forsyninger for mere end 2 mia $. Endvidere skal FN’s spærrede konto afvikles i takt med, at Bagdad accepterer det regionale system for nedrustning og inspektion, som er beskrevet overfor.

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