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Archive 1986 - 2017
Sören Sommelius

Rambouillet – ett bedrägeri?


Kjell Magnussons skrift hör till det viktigaste som
skrivits om krig och konflikter på Balkan

“RAMBOUILLETAVTALET”
Texten, förhandlingarna, bakgrunden
Av: Kjell Magnusson.
Current Issues
Reports from Centre for Multiethnic Research Uppsala University.

Av Sören Sommelius

Kulturredaktör, Helsinborg Dagblad, TFF:s konfliktläkningsgrupp

NATOs flyg gick till angrepp mot Jugoslavien för snart ett halvår sedan, den 24 mars, som inledning till 78 dagars bombkrig med stor materiell förödelse och långsiktiga destruktiva konsekvenser för fred och säkerhet i världen. Tusentals människor dödades. Först flydde och fördrevs bortät en miljon albaner genom serbisk vedergällning och bomber. Därefter flydde och fördrevs över 200.000 albaner och zigenare i albansk vedergällning.
I dag är läget på Balkan betydligt värre än det var innan NATO började bomba. Utsikterna för en varaktig fred på Balkan är knappast ljusa.

Anledningen till att NATO gick i krig var formellt att Jugoslavien vägrade skriva under det så kallade Rambouilletavtalet, ett 80-sidigt dokument, om vilket parterna förhandlade under februari på ett franskt slott.

Förhandlade är inte rätt ord. Det fanns en text som inte kunde förändras, bara antas eller förkastas. Efter stor tvekan skrev den albanska delegationen till slut på avtalet. Jugoslavien skrev däremot inte under.

I västliga medier framställdes de sammanbrutna förhandlingarna som ett resultat av omedgörlighet och hårdnackad ovilja att kompromissa hos Jugoslaviens president Slobodan Milosevic.

Att NATO bombade var Milosevics och ingen annans fel. Omvärlden hade gjort allt man kunnat för att skapa fred. Eller? Är den bilden korrekt?

I dagarna ger en av Sveriges främsta Balkanexperter, Kjell Magnusson vid Uppsala universitet, ut “Rambouilletavtalet. Texten, förhandlingarna, bakgrunden.” Magnusson detaljgranskar avtalstexten och diskuterar särskilt varför inte jugoslaverna skrev under.

Hans slutsats är entydigt enkel. Avtalet var skrivet på ett sådant sätt att varken Jugoslavien eller något annat självständigt land skulle ha kunnat acceptera det, samma slutsats som tidigare bland annat fredsforskaren Jan Øberg kommit fram till. Det var heller inte fråga om förhandlingar som ledde till ett avtal. Parterna mötte ju aldrig varandra under seanserna i Rambouillet.

I avtalstexten finns formuleringar som till innehåll och ton hör mera samman med ett kapitulationsdokument än ett fredsavtal, skriver Magnusson. Texten är sådan att den måste uppfattas som “en krigsförklaring eller ett hot om ockupation”.

Enligt avtalstexten skulle sålunda NATO få röra sig obehindrat inte bara i Kosovo utan över hela Jugoslavien, “inklusive tillhörande luftrum och territorialvatten”.

Det mest kontroversiella är den så kallade Annex B-delen av “avtalet”. Här ges NATO långt större befogenheter än man någonsin haft i Bosnien. Man ska inte betala några skatter eller avgifter och ges rätt att gratis använda och även bygga om flygplatser, vägar, järnvägar eller hamnar.

NATO:s personal har diplomatisk immunitet. NATO tar inget ansvar för materiella skador som man kan åstadkomma. Dock förbinder man sig att respektera författning och lagar i Jugoslavien, dock bara “i den mån efterföljandet av dessa lagar är förenligt med uppgiften”.

Hur kunde dokumentet innehålla den här sortens krav? Magnusson diskuterar försiktigt olika möjligheter. Kom formuleringarna med av misstag under processens brådska? Eller var texten medvetet skriven så att den måste leda till krig?

Jag själv kan inte se annat än att USA ville ha ett krig och att man framtvingade ett krig. Clinton behövde efter Levinsky-affären stärka sin ställning och ville också visa Ryssland var skåpet ska stå. Militärindustrin behövde nya order efter de fredliga åren efter det kalla krigets slut. Och militärerna var ivriga att testa superbombplanet B 2-Stealth under stridsförhållanden.

Besynnerligt nog diskuterades avtalstexten knappas i västliga medier förrän efter krigsutbrottet. Och det förefaller sannolikt att ledande diplomater och politiker i de flesta NATO-länderna inte hade en aning om vad för slags avtalstext det handlade om och att man utgick från ett av amerikanska experter gjort missvisande sammandrag.

Om syftet i Rambouillet var att uppnå en fredlig lösning, varför inledde man då förhandlingarna med att ställa ett ultimatum, undrar Magnusson. Och varför föreslog man inte redan från början fredsstyrkor under FN:s ledning. Och hur kunde det komma sig att de europeiska förhandlarna accepterade att bli överkörda av amerikanerna trots det obehag man uppenbarligen kände i olika faser?

Avtalstexterna utarbetades av så kallade expertgrupper, huvudsakligen amerikaner. Det var också USA som ansvarade för kontakterna med både albanerna och Milosevic och för informationen om parternas ställningstaganden.

Resultatet blev, konstaterar Kjell Magnusson, att konflikten “trivialiserades och att det blev omöjligt att förstå parternas agerande, annat än via mediala schabloner”.

USA:s agerande då det gäller Kosovo från sommaren 1998 till nu hör till de svartaste sidorna i modern europeisk historia. Så här i efterhand är det omöjligt att förstå hur så många kunde duperas av USA:s cyniska maktspel. Rambouilletförhandlingarna förefaller ha varit ett enda stort bedrägeri.

Med forskarens krav på dokumentering naglar Kjell Magnusson fast sin framställning med fotnoter och otaliga hänvisningar till Internet, där jag själv på webbsidor enkelt kan gå till källorna.

I sina kommentarer håller han en lågmäld ton. Han konstaterar att omvärlden när man ville neutralisera våldet i Kosovo och försökte skapa en politisk lösning använde sig av metoder som motverkade sitt syfte. Och han pekar på ett avgörande dilemma:

“Problemet var att en regim med uttalat negativ framtoning i det här fallet hade folkrätten på sin sida, medan den part man sympatiserade med ville bryta principerna.”

Kjell Magnussons skrift hör till det viktigaste som skrivits om krig och konflikter på Balkan.

Sören Sommelius
Helsingborg Dagblad
Sosommelius@hd.se
Tel: 042-17 50 45

Fotnot: Kjell Magnussons hela rapport finns tillgänglig på Internet, www.monday.dk.

Rambouilletavtalets text kan också i sin helhet läsas på Internet, www.balkanaction.org/pubs/kia299.html

View all posts by Sören Sommelius →

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