Sent på hösten 2001, ett par månader efter terroristattackerna den 9 september besökte jag Washington. “Alla” talade om den planerade attacken mot Irak. Det var visserligen bara rykten, men journalister och mina vänner i fredsrörelserna var övertygade. I kongressen svarade de politiska rådgivarna att ett anfall mot Irak inte var beslutat men inte var uteslutet: “På något sätt måste vi ju visa vår beslutsamhet och styrka

Jag kunde inte förstå grunden till ryktena. USA hade utsatts av svåra terrorattacker av en grupp saudier, baserade i Afghanistan. Varför skulle det leda till en attack mot Irak? Ingen kunde ge ett trovärdigt svar på vad man ville åstadkomma. Följderna skulle uppenbarligen bli negativa för USA. Jag trodde att något så oförnuftigt skulle Bush-regeringen inte göra. Jag hade fel.

Nu gäller ryktena Iran. Under det senaste året har det kommit flera analyser och rapporter om ett möjligt anfall mot Iran. I en färsk artikel av Seymour Hersh i tidskriften The New Yorker samlar han ihop en mängd uttalanden från många källor med relationer till Bush-administrationen. Hersh har ett stort anseende bl.a. på grund av hans avslöjanden av förhållandena i Guantanamo och Abu Ghraib. Det tycks försiggå en intensiv diskussion inom försvarsledningen och regeringen. En avsikt med kriget antas vara att man vill slå ut de anläggningar där Iran arbetar med nukleär forskning och döda så många som möjligt av den tekniska och vetenskapliga personalen.

Det förefaller finnas skäl att förvänta sig att om USA anfaller Iran kommer atomvapen “bli nödvändiga”. Flera av de viktigaste anläggningarna är djupt nedgrävda, t.ex. anrikningsanläggningen i Natanz som ligger 25 meter under jord. Dessa kan inte förstöras helt med konventionella vapen. Man har i många år talat om att använda “bunker busters” för sådana mål, atomvapen som skulle explodera först efter det att bomben borrat ner sig till bunkern. Dessa vapen finns inte i verkligheten och projektet är nedlagt. I stället måste man använda atombomber av betydande styrka.

Nära Isfahan, en av Persiens äldsta och största städer, ligger en forskningsreaktor samt stora djupa tunnlar avsedda för lagring av uran. Om dessa skall förstöras fordras en bomb av megatonstyrka. Enligt beräkningar utförda av IPPNW, internationella läkare mot kärnvapen, skulle omkring 3 miljoner människor dö inom 48 timmar. Strålningen skulle sprida sig över stora områden och få följder för tiotals miljoner människor. Rimligtvis kommer denna insikt att medföra att anläggningen inte angrips med kärnvapen utan de nedgrävda anläggningarna lämnas ifred.

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I artikeln av Hersh framhåller han att de militära ledarna allmänt avråder från användningen av kärnvapen medan man från Vita Huset avvisar invändningarna. Inställningen hos den politiska ledningen är kanske inte överraskande. I de strategiska dokument som blivit tillgängliga under de senaste fem åren har man steg för steg integrerat atomvapnen i planeringen. “Global Strike” är en sammanfattande benämning på den nuvarande strategin med CONPLAN 8022 som centralt dokument, gällande sedan sommaren 2004.

I Global Strike är kärnvapen inte längre enbart medel för avskräckning utan vapen som skall användas. Det betonas också tydligt att atomvapen kan sättas in för att slå ut anläggningar som innehåller “massförstörelsevapen” eller kommandostrukturer för dessa vapen. Användningen av kärnvapen enligt Global Strike handlar inte enbart om “krig”, man betonar i stället tydligt “konflikt”. “Kärnvapenkrig” förutsätter ett ömsesidigt användande av kärnvapen, med det behöver inte gälla här. En föregripande attack för att slå ut anläggningar som kan antas användas för kemiska eller biologiska vapen kan förekomma.

Det talas om hundratals mål som måste slås ut vid attacken mot Iran. Det är dock bara ett mindre antal som “behöver” kärnvapen. Attacker med konventionella vapen mot kärnkraftsreaktorn i Bushehr skulle dock kunna få mycket allvarliga följder. Reaktorn beräknas vara laddad med kärnbränsle om ett halvår. Det radioaktiva nedfallet skulle troligen inte bli lika utbrett som det efter Tjernobyl-katastrofen men skulle omfatta stora områden utanför Iran.

Om USA skall anfalla Iran måste man få den amerikanska befolkningen att tro att Iran är ett allvarligt hot. På båda sidor, inom den amerikanska administrationen och inom det iranska, mycket komplexa, ledarskapet, finns personer som gärna ökar spänningen mellan länderna. Om Iran startar en konkret provokation, t ex genom ett mera aktivt stöd till vissa grupper i Irak, kan detta beskrivas som ett angrepp på amerikanska intressen, kanske på amerikanska soldater. USA:s befolkning hade kanske inte accepterat att gå i krig mot Irak om inte Condoleeza Rice kunnat frammana hotet av ett “svampmoln över Manhattan” vid sina framträdanden. Så länge det finns kärnvapen blir det krig.

Likväl tror jag inte att USA kommer att anfalla Iran. Jag hoppas jag har rätt denna gång.

Medical education and professional career

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