De Internationale Love om Krigsmæssig Besættelse

Krigsmæssig besættelse er reguleret i Haag Konventionerne af 1907, 4. Geneve Konvention af 1949 og af sædvaneret om krigerisk besættelse. Sikkerhedsrådets resolution 1322 (2000), paragraf 3, fortsat: “Opfordrer Israel, besættelsesmagten, til nøje at overholde sine lovmæssige forpligtelser og sit ansvar i henhold til den 4. Geneve Konvention om Beskyttelse af Civile Personer i Krigstid af 12. august 1949…” Her var Sikkerhedsrådets stemmeafgivning 14 mod 0, hvorved beslutningen blev bindende international ret.

Den 4. Geneve konvention finder anvendelse på Vestbredden, Gazastriben og på hele byen Jerusalem for at beskytte de palæstinensere, der lever der. De palæstinensiske mennesker, der lever i dette palæstinensiske områder er “beskyttede personer” i den 4. Geneve Konventions betydning [af ordet].

Der er 149 væsentlige artikler i den 4. Geneve Konvention, der beskytter hver enkelt af disse palæstinensere som lever i det besatte Palæstina [og deres] rettigheder. Den israelske regering overtræder og har siden 1967 overtrådt næsten hver eneste af disse hellige rettigheder som den 4. Geneve Konvention anerkender for det palæstinensiske folk. Og faktisk er krænkelser af den 4. Geneve Konvention krigsforbrydelser.

Så her er der ikke tale om en symmetrisk situation. Som en kendsgerning i praksis og retsligt udgør de alvorlige og gentagne brud på palæstinensiske rettigheder, begået af den israelske hær eller israelske bosættere, der lever ulovligt i det besatte Palæstina, krigsforbrydelser. Omvendt forsvarer det palæstinensiske folk sig selv, deres land og hjem mod israelske krigsforbrydelser og israelske krigsforbrydere, både militære og civile.

FNs menneskerettighedskommission

I virkeligheden er det endnu værre end det. Den 19. oktober 2000 vedtog en særlig session i FNs menneskerettighedskommission en resolution, der findes i FN dokumentet E/CN.4/S-5/L.2/Rev.1, “Condemning the provocative visit to al Aqsa Haram Sharif…” (Fordømmelse af Ariel Sharon, Likud partilederens, provokerende besøg til al Aqsa Haram Sharif den 28. september 2000, som udløste de tragiske begivenheder, som fulgte i det besatte øst-Jerusalem og de andre besatte palæstinensiske områder og førte til et stort antal døde og sårede blandt palæstinensiske civile”). FNs menneskerettighedskommission udtrykte herefter, at den var “alvorligt bekymret” over flere forskellige typer af grusomheder som Israel påførte det palæstinensiske folk, som kommissionen betegnede som “krigsforbrydelser, klare brud på international humanitær ret og forbrydelser mod menneskeheden.”

I den operative paragraf 1 i resolutionen af 19. oktober 2000 “Fordømmer” FNs menneskerettighedskommission “stærkt den uforholdsmæssige og vilkårlige anvendelse af vold i strid med international humanitær ret fra den israelske besættelsesmagt side mod uskyldige og ubevæbnede palæstinensiske civile .. inklusive mange børn i de besatte områder, hvilket udgør en krigsforbrydelse og en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden; …” Og i paragraf 5 i resolutionen af 19. oktober “bekræfter” FNs menneskerettighedskommission “også at de planlagte og systematiske drab på civile og børn fra de israelske besættelsesmyndigheders side udgør et klart og alvorligt brud på retten til liv og også er en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden;…” Artikel 68 i De forenede Nationers Charter har udtrykkeligt pålagt FNs ¯konomiske og Sociale Råd at “skabe” denne kommission “til fremme af de menneskelige rettigheder”.

Israels krigsforbrydelser mod palæstinenserne

Vi har alle en almindelig opfattelse af, hvad en krigsforbrydelse er, så jeg vil ikke nøjere afgrænse begrebet her. Men der er forskellige grader af afskyelighed for krigsforbrydelser. Specielt kaldes de mere alvorlige krigsforbrydelser “alvorlige brud” på 4. Geneve konvention. Siden starten på Al Aqsa Intifadaen har verden set disse udført hver dag af Israel mod det palæstinensiske folk som lever i det besatte Palæstina: f.eks. overlagt drab på palæstinensiske civile begået af den israelske hær og Israels paramilitære bosættere. Disse israelske “grove brud” på den 4. Geneve Konvention bemyndiger til universel retsforfølgelse af udøverne, hvad enten de er civile eller militære, så vel som til retsforfølgelse af deres overordnede, hvad enten de er civile eller militære, inklusive Israels politiske ledere.

Israels forbrydelser med menneskeheden begået mod palæstinenserne

Men jeg vil et øjeblik kigge nærmere på Israels “forbrydelser mod menneskeheden” begået mod det palæstinensiske folk – som vedtaget af FNs menneskerettighedskommission selv, vedtaget i overensstemmelse med kravet i FNs charter. Hvad er en “forbrydelse mod menneskeheden” ? Begrebet går hele vejen tilbage til Nürnberg-charteret af 1945 for retsforfølgelsen af de større Nazi krigsforbrydere. Og i Nürnberg-charteret af 1945, som blev skitseret af USAs regering, blev der skabt og indført en ny type af international forbrydelse specielt med henblik på at behandle Naziforfølgelsen af det jødiske folk.

Det eksempel som definerer begrebet “en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden” er, hvad Hitler og nazisterne gjorde mod det jødiske folk. Dette er oprindelsen for begrebet en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden. Og dette er, hvad FNs menneskerettighedskommission afgjorde, at Israel nu gør mod det palæstinensiske folk: Forbrydelser mod menneskeheden. Juridisk set netop, hvad Hitler og nazisterne gjorde mod jøderne.

Forløberen for Folkemord

Endvidere er en forbrydelse mod menneskeheden den direkte og juridiske forløber for den internationale forbrydelse folkemord som det defineres i 1948 Konventionen om forebyggelse af og straf for forbrydelsen Folkemord. Teorien her var, at hvad Hitler og nazisterne gjorde mod det jødiske folk krævede en særlig international traktat, som kunne definere og generalisere Nürnberg-begrebet “forbrydelse mod menneskeheden”. Og den traktat blev i sidste ende 1948 Konventionen mod Folkemord.

For at være fair skal jeg gøre opmærksom på, at FNs menneskerettighedskommission ikke gik så vidt som til at fordømme Israel for at begå folkemord mod det palæstinensiske folk. Men den fordømte Israel for at begå forbrydelser mod menneskeheden, som er den direkte forløber for folkemord. Og jeg tillader mig at mene at hvis der ikke meget snart gøres noget af det amerikanske folk og af det internationale samfund for at standse de israelske krigsforbrydelser og forbrydelser mod menneskeheden begået mod det palæstinensiske folk, så vil det udvikle sig til folkemord, hvis ikke Israel allerede er nået hertil. Og i denne henseende er den israelske premierminister Ariel Sharon, hvad internationale jurister kalder en genocidaire – en som allerede har begået folkemord.

Copyright: Francis Boyle

Oversættelsen må anvendes -for fair use – stillet til fri rådighed af Orla Jordal, <http://www.jordals.dk/>www.jordals.dk i kampen for fred og mod krigsforbrydelser.

Bemærk at ovenstående kan læses med Iraq for Palæstina og USA for Israel – reglerne er naturligvis de samme. OJ.

Francis A Boyle er professor i international ret, University of Chicago, Illinois og forsvarsadvokat ved Den Internationale Domstol. Dr.jur. fra Harvard. Der er bogtitler på originalsitet.

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