Boken: COLLATERAL LANGUAGE. A User’s Guide to America’s New War
Antologi utgiven av John Collins och Ross Glover
New York University Press

De “nya krigen”, bombningarna av Jugoslavien och Afghanistan och det senaste – men knappast sista – USA:s krig mot Irak, har föregåtts av ny politisk retorik. Ett nytt politiskt språk har kommit till användning, för att mobilisera folkligt stöd och rättfärdiga det “goda” och “nödvändiga” kriget.

En term förknippad med “de nya krigen” är “collateral damage”, oavsiktlig skada, särskilt då civila dödas utan att det varit den direkta avsikten. Efter den elfte september har värdeladdade ord som frihet, rättvisa, feghet, ondska och terrorism använts flitigt.

“Collateral language”, som jag fritt skulle vilja översätta med “Det krigsskadade språket”, är titeln på en antologi om de nya krigens politiska retorik. I fjorton essäer tar en grupp amerikanska forskare, där många arbetar på St. Lawrence University, upp olika aspekter på ämnet. Titlarna är enkla, som Ondska, Frihet, Rättvisa, Civilisation mot barbari, Feghet. Det är en högintressant och infallsrik skrift, som visar att mänskligheten är mycket mera betjänt av “smarta böcker” än av “smarta bomber”, för att citera baksidestexten.

Boken har tillkommit under perioden efter 11/9 och under bombningarna av Afghanistan. Men allt det som skett därefter har dessvärre bara ytterligare accentuerat de frågor som behandlas.

“Förenta staterna kommer att jaga och straffa de som är skyldiga till dessa fega handlingar”, sa president Bush i sitt tal 11/9. Men var självmordsbombarna fega, undrar Danielle Egan, som utreder det hon kallar “feghetens diskurs”. Den som är feg är motsatsen till den maskuline i en patriarkal kultur, skriver Egan. Att kalla någon feg är att ifrågasätta hans manlighet. Motsatsen till den fege är förstås hjälten, den som måste handla för att lära den fege en läxa. “Feghetens diskurs” konstruerar kampen till en uppgörelse mellan två män, fortsätter Egan, hjälten Bush mot den fege bin Ladin. Den stora TV-kanalen ABC hade vid den här tiden ett program med titeln “Politiskt inkorrekt”. Programledaren Bill Maher hade djärvheten att hävda att “det är vi som är fega”, som för krig med kryssningsmissiler på hundratals mils avstånd. Maher fick be om ursäkt för det han hade sagt och fick sedan sparken. Det var uppenbarligen alltför farligt för ABC att problematisera frågan om feghet.

I ett annat tal efter 11/9 sa George W Bush att USA nu skulle föra ett nytt slags krig, “en kamp mot barbarerna”. “Civilisationen” hade hotats genom attentaten av “de barbariska män som angrep vårtland”. Språket är uppbyggt av motsatspar. Det är så vi ofta tänker i förenklingar. Mot den fege står den modige hjälten. Civilisationen (vår, den västliga världens) hotas av barbariet (med rötter i de österländska odemokratiska outvecklade fattiga ländernas).

“Denna konflikt är en kamp för att rädda den civiliserade världen”, säger Bush och räknar i nästa andetag upp vad han anser konstituera civilisation, “öppenhet, handel, tolerans som skapar välstånd, frihet och kunskap”.

Marina A Llorente skulle om hon hade skrivit sin essä i dag ha kunnat komplettera den med de värdeladdade yttranden som den amerikanska regimen fällde om “det nya Europa” (de länder som gav stöd till USA:s krig) och det gamla barbariska (fega och omanliga) Europa, som nu inte ställde upp bakom USA:s frihetskrig, främst Tyskland och Frankrike.

I ett tal den 6 november 01 talade Bush om bin Ladin: “Detta är en ond man som jag inte tillåter komma över onda vapen för att skada det slags civilisation vi känner”. Också Saddam Hussein utpekades i tal efter tal som ondskan personifierad. Men är “ondska” en “irrationell kraft” som tar säte i vissa personer, undrar Laura J. Rediehs. Eller är handlingar som kallas onda något som uppstår i vissa socio-kulturella och psykologiska sammanhang? Kan ondskan övervinnas genom att den “onde” förgörs?

Än mer problematisk är användningen av begreppet “terrorism”. USA för “ett krig mot terrorismen”. Det upprepas ständigt. Men vad står “terrorism” egentligen för? Frågan borde vara grundläggande. Vad är egentligen den “terrorism” som USA och Bushregimen förklarat krig mot?

Det finns ord och begrepp som maskeras som neutral och objektiv “verklighet” medan de i själva verket står för smala gruppintressen. John Collins, som arbetar i cultural studies-traditionen, menar att “terrorism” hör till den kategorin som laddat ideologiskt begrepp.

Begreppet “terrorism” har i den form det nu används skapats av den amerikanska makteliten, menar Collins. Ändå har det okritiskt accepterats av stora delar av allmänheten. Därmed har många amerikaner indirekt godkänt ett mycket vagt krig mot en fiende som alls inte definierats.

“Terrorism” används nu för vissa våldshandlingar. Det som skiljer “terrorism” från annat våld beror förstås på vem som definierar termen. I USA har “terrorism” blivit detsamma som våld riktat mot den politik som USA och dess allierade driver, skriver John Collins. “Terroristerna” är “frihetens fiender” sa George Bush i ett tal till kongressen. Per definition bagatelliseras därmed också det mänskliga lidande som följer av USA:s så kallade krig mot terrorismen eller genom Israels barbariska våld mot den palestinska befolkningen.

Kunde det vara värre?

Det politiska språket är krigsskadat, sönderskjutet, infekterat av förljugenhet.Det används nu som vapen mot världens folk, av den nuvarande ultrakonservativa amerikanska regimen, för att legitimera krig efter krig.

Också språket måste befrias från massförstörelsevapen.

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