johangaltung

HVA GØR NORGE I AFGHANISTAN? – spurte Verdens Gang 7 mars i år utenriksminister Jonas Gard Støre. Svaret var tredelt: for å stabilisere Afghanistan som hjemstedet for Taliban og støttespiller for terror, for å beskytte nordmenn mot terror–tilfeldigvis ble ingen nordmenn rammet i London 7 juli 2005–og for å beskytte norske barn mot heroin på norske gater.

Gode norske svar. Men fire dager før, 3 mars, hadde Seddiq Weera, afghansk-kanadisk lege, en artikkel i Toronto Star. Han satt lenge fengslet i Kabul under kommunistene, kom ut med sterk kjensle av at her trenges noe nytt, har pendlet mellom landene og arbeidet utrettelig for fred i Afghanistan. Og Weera forteller en helt annen historie enn den angloamerikansk-norske, og med helt andre svar.

Hvorfor er det ingen stabilitet i landet etter fire år med internasjonale tropper og økonomiske støtte? La oss gå tilbake til den fatale Bonn-avtalen av november 2001, etter USAs invasjon 7 oktober. Nord-alliansen hadde kommet til makten i samarbeid med amerikanske og andre styrker. Taliban og Hekmatyar’s Hezb-e-Islami var slått og satt utenfor. Dermed skar det seg, som Weera sier:

“Enhver med litt forstand på fred og konflikt vet at en fredsavtale hvor den ene part er utelukket er ufullstendig. Men det var det som hendte. Og denne Bonn-avtalen overskygget den nasjonale virkelighet i en syv års borgerkrig med internasjonal innblanding. En alvorlig feil, spesielt tatt i betraktning at et internasjonalt terrorist-nettverk støttet den utelukkede part”.

Man skulle siktet på fredsavtale mellom partene istedetfor å styrke taperens dype samarbeid med Al Qaeda, innledet i 1996, men da med ulike mål. Vest erklærte krig mot dem begge og drev dem sammen, med Pakistan i bakgrunnen. Jo mer man hamrer løs på dem jo sterkere blir alliansen. Blant dem finnes opportunister, politikere som søker en varig løsning og støttespillere som er med på ferden. Noen krigsherrer er forbrytere. Mange er fremtidige statsministre. Tungt artilleri og bomber er alt de trenger for å smeltes sammen. Det er det som skjer, et Irak i noe langsommere tempo.

Ifølge Weera trenges en forsoningsprosess som bringer sammen alle parter, uten tapere. Det finnes to slike initiativer i Afghanistan, “Independent National Commission on Strenghtening Peace” og “Truth and Justice Initiative” som støttes av FN. Men de har ikke de nødvendige midler til storstilet fredsarbeid.

Jeg ser for meg en stor sal i Peshawar mars 2001, et halvt år før det grusomme angrepet i New York og Washington. Det er hundre afghanere i rommet, 30 tidligere regjeringsmedlemmer, 30 sjeiker, 30 professorer og 10 fremragende damer. Seddiq hadde arrangert en storstilet megling med tre kanadiere, undertegnede og ham selv, han også som tolk til pashtu og dari. Vi jobbet en uke; ti timer dagen. Først en dag konflikt- og fredslære med regelen “ordet Afghanistan er forbudt”. Så var det de som overtok og bestemte dagsordenen.

På et punkt ble to herrer noe opphisset, sto opp, brettet opp skjorteermene. Min megler-rolle innebar å hoppe ned fra podiet for å komme imellom, men jeg fant det klokt å ta av brillene først. Knyttneveslag er ok for freden, men glass i øynene er upraktisk. Magisk virkning: kamphanene slappet av. Moral for meglere: ha briller, gjerne med vindusglass – ellers kan du ikke ta dem av.

Fra spøk til alvor: Hva kom de frem til? Fem punkter:

[1] Et stabilt Afghanistan forutsetter en forbundsstat med meget høy autonomi til de (minst 12) nasjonene i landet. Enhetsstaten er et instrument for utenlandske (engelske, sovjetiske, amerikanske) interesser og spiller demokrati i hendene på etniske motsetninger.

[2] Et stabilt Afghanistan forutsetter en koalisjonsregjering med talibaner. Som en tidligere topp-person sa: vi trenger deres indre moralske kraft som savnes hos oss andre i det korrupte Afghanistan. Men Taliban alene er utålelig. Prosenten kan vi forhandle oss til.

[3] Et stabilt Afghanistan forutsetter prioritet til grunnbehov for alle, mat, husly, klær, helse, utdannelse. Det foutsetter også sikkerhet. FNs Sikkehetsråd med fire kristne og et konfusiansk land i veto-kjernen har ikke nok legitimitet; OIC – Organization of Islamic Conference – må inn i bildet.

[4] Et stabilt Afghanistan forutsetter et stabilt forhold til nabolandene gjennom et sentralasiatisk fellesskap av de fem tidligere sovjet-republikkene, Iran, Pakistan, og en del av Kashmir.

[5] Et menneskelig Afghanistan forutsetter at dialogen med sikte på likeverd for kvinner fortsetter på et koransk grunnlag, ikke med utgangspunkt i gamle stammeritualer.

Det var løftet stemning da redaksjonskomiteen la frem dette. Et lite lysglimt av håp — og deltakerne var ikke hvem som helst. Det ble presentert for FNs representanter som lurte på hvordan vi hadde kunnet nå frem til mer på noen dager enn de på like mange år.

Vel, vårt naive lys ble raskt slukket. Samme dag. En topp-politiker sa til oss meglere: de fem punktene, det er løsningen. Men de har desverre ingen sjanse. USA kommer til å angripe oss til høsten for å skaffe seg en base, også for å sikre oljetilførsel. Han nevnte Herat og/eller Kandahar. Kjennskap til USA levnet ikke rom for tvil på forutsigelsen. Det kokte i oss. Apatien grep andre.

9/11 åpnet for terrorisme-diskurs i tillegg til taliban-diskurs for å legitimere 7 oktober. At det trengtes befrielse fra taliban-diktatur var det ingen tvil om. Men okkupasjonspolitikken ble den nøyaktige motsigelsen av alle fem punkter. Mye av det samme gjelder for Irak i sin tid konstruert av to tjenestemenn i det engelske UD, hvor “national unity” er enda mer illusorisk, og en stabil løsning nok enda løsere enn en forbundsstat.

Men Anglo-Amerika, med et selvrettferdig slør, nei, en burka, over historien, forfølger sin gammeltestamentlige oppskrift med to parter, en god, dem selv, og en av Satan som må slåes så de gode kan diktere freden. Tror NATO. Trodde i sin tid Sovjetunionen til Gorbachev trakk seg ut, 1986-89.

Stabilitet kan man trygt se bort fra. At den hundre år gamle krigen mellom det angloamerikansk-kristne og det arabisk-islamske skal stilne av kan man også trygt se bort fra, unntatt overfor Spania med den eneste vestlige politiker med klarsyn, Zapatero. Heroinen vil fortsatt nå frem til vestens gater. Pengene vil fortsatt flyte inn i de korruptes lommer.

Lykke til.

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