Makt över begreppen – terror, krig och demokrati

I dessa dagar när media översvämmas med artiklar om händelserna i New York och Washington är det viktigt att inse den makt som ligger i ord, begrepp och definitioner. Det har i över en vecka nu varit en ovanligt vårdslös användning av begrepp som har påverkat vår uppfattning av vad det var som hände.

Vi vet från tidligare situationer at Pentagon använder PR-byråer för att påverka opinionen. Dessa företag var mycket aktiva under Gulf-kriget i 1991 och kriget mot Jugoslavien 1999. Vilka som anlitats denna gång och vilka “nyheter” som dessa konsulter sprider kan vi än så länge enbart spekulera över. Kunskapen om hur det producerades falska händelser och ren propaganda vid tidigare tillfällen skrämmer.

Källkritisk och reflexion är inte möjligt när man är on-line med TV, radio och Web. Även tidningars dagliga deadlines reducerar kraftig möjligheten till kritiska värderingar. Det är ytterst få saker vi egentligen vet om dessa händelser. Och när det är brist på kunskap sprids vilka rykten och propagandaversioner som helst vidare.

Jag skall i det följande göra några preliminära reflexioner om några centrala begrepp i den pågående debatten och bevakningen. Kanske hittar vi PR-konsulternas resultat i vilka ord och begrepp som används och i vilka sammanhang dessa nyttjas.

Terror eller krig?

Låt oss börja med skillnaden på “terrorism” och “krig”. Vad får det för konsekvenser om man kallar flygplansstörtningarna terrorism eller krig?

Vi får för det första två helt olika juridiska regelverk att förhålla oss till. Om det som hände var terrorism så finnes det kriminallagstiftning som kräver förundersökning, åtal, rättegång och eventuellt dom och straff. Misstänkta gärningsmän kan efterlysas genom Interpool och arresteras på samma vis som Krigsförbrytardomstolen i Haag arbetar. Man har som misstänkt rätt till försvarsadvokat och kan argumentera för sin sak i domstol.

Om det som hände är krig så gäller Folkrätten. Den brukar indelas i regler om själva krigföringen och regler för skydd av vissa grupper som inte tar del i striderna. Den traditionella folkrättsliga definitionen av krig är “en väpnad strid mellan två eller flera stater där åtminstone en anser sig vara i krig”. Det är svårt att se det aktuella fallet följa denna definition. Konsekvenserna blir i så fall att man får använda kriminallagstiftningen eller skipa sin egen rätt i kraft av sin militära och finansiella styrka. I detta fall ser det ut till at USA får stöd från EU, NATO och andra för att välja den senare varianten. Men OM det definieras som krig så finnes det ett stort antal regler om hur ett angrepp på en stat skall bemötas. Det finnes regler för när krig kan startas (Jus ad bellum) och regler för hur krig skall föras (Jus in bello).

Det görs bland annat ett viktigt skilje mellan kombattanter och civila, där civila skall skyddas från attacker. Stater har rätt att försvara sig mot angrepp. Om denna rätt att försvara sig tillåter att man pekar ut ett nätverk av små grupper, och stater som har gett dessa grupper skydd, som legitima mål att attackera är mycket tveksamt. I så fall har den traditionella folkrätten urholkats så att det i stort är fritt fram att attackera vad som helst i framtiden.

En konsekvens av att den amerikanska presidenten nu vill definiera det som hände som krig är ju att även flygplanskrascherna var krigföring. I så fall gäller inte försäkringsavtalen. En petitess kanske i sammanhangen, men man inte säga att det enligt försäkringslagarna inte var krig, medan det var krig enligt folkrätten.

För två och ett halvt år sedan var företrädare för NATO upprörda när några benämnde tre månaders intensivt bombade av Jugoslavien för krig. Den gången skulle det som hände kallas “humanitär intervention”.

Den senaste veckan har NATO, EU, Ryssland och andra stormakter gett stöd åt den nya krigsdefinitionen; att kraschade flygplan är krig.

Inom Folkrätten skiljer man på sedvanerätt och traktaträtt. Sedvanerätten uppkommer genom praxis bland staterna. Detta innebär att den tolkning som i dagarna utformas får allmän giltighet i framtiden. De internationella avtalens giltighet bygger på principen att avtal skall hållas (pacta sunt servanda). Dessa avtal är bindande för alla stater som har anslutit sig. USA och de andra NATO-länderna har anslutit sig till de flesta relevanta avtal. Det är ytterst alvarligt om Folkrätten urholkas eller får en helt ny innebörd genom snabba beslut där en våg av hatkänslor i USA påverkar handlandet.

Angrepp på demokratin? Försvara demokratin genom att sätta den ur funktion

Det har framförts från ett stort antal europeiska och amerikanska politiker att det som hände var ett angrepp mot själva demokratin och det öppna samhället. Detta ordval är kanske också en av PR-konsulternas produkter. Denna formulering spred sig som en löpeld över kontinenterna och media har använt den i sina rubriker. Jag har mycket svårt för att se hur kapitalismens högborg World Trade Center och Pentagon har ens den ringaste koppling till “demokrati och öppenhet”. I min föreställningsvärld så är några av de typiska kännetecknen vid militarismen och kapitalismen just brist på demokrati och öppenhet. Men jag får erkänna att denna retoriska poäng är otroligt skickligt framfört när man lyckas få en nästan unison mediavärld att framföra denna utstuderade mening som om den vore sann.

OM vi nu köper även denna formulering, att demokratin är angripen, så har den demokrati som man påstår har angripits flera problematiska sidor. När Kongressen den 14. september gav presidenten fullmakter att agera så åsidosattes varje form av demokratisk kontroll över det vidare förloppet. Låt mig citera kärnan i den fullmakt som gavs:

“That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.”(mina uthävingar)

Vad jag kan förstå så är detta en in blanco fullmakt, utan tidsbegränsning, som på inget sätt kan påstås vara demokratisk. Här har man satt stora delar av den demokrati som man säger är under attack ur funktion genom ett beslut i sitt eget parlament! Att nära på en enhällig kongress gav ifrån sig all kontroll är extremt alvarligt och vi inte kan överblicka konsekvenserna i dag.

Låt oss hoppas att tiden som kommer inte låter den nödvändiga, djupa och reflekterade debatten dränkas i våldsamma bilder från de utlovade hämndaktionerna.

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