Iran har länge misstänkts för att ha ambitioner att bli en kärnvapenmakt. Sedan många år har landet byggt kärnkraftanläggningar, trots dess stora tillgång på olja. En drivkraft är sannolikt teknologiskt prestige. Kärnkraft och forskning i kärnfysik ger status, åt landet och åt dess vetenskapsmän.

Men Iran vill också hålla kärnvapenoptionen öppen. Irans ledare talar ofta om att landet är inringat. Amerikanska styrkor och baser finns i Pakistan, Afganistan, Uzbekistan, Quatar och nu finns också ett dussin nya baser i Irak nära Irans gräns. USA:s militära resurser i området är visserligen primärt avsedda att kontrollera oljetillförseln från området, framförallt från Saudi, men Iran kan ha anledning att känna oro. När USA:s president dessutom talar om Iran som en av Ondskans Axelmakter, när “respekterade” rådgivare inom USA:s försvarsdepartement skriver om nödvändigheten av att angripa Iran och när USA nu hotar med att använda kärnvapen även mot länder som inte har kärnvapen är det inte överraskande att “hökarna” i Iran får stöd för ett kärnvapenprogram. Och givetvis ger Israels kärnvapen starka argument.

Iran bygger nu en anläggning för framställning av Uran 235. Man har från Pakistan köpt ett par tusen gascentrifuger för anrikningen. NPT-avtalet, som Iran anslutit sig till, förbjuder inte Iran att framställa uran 235 i en koncentration som kan användas för reaktorer, omkring 6%. Men det är inte svårt att köra reningen vidare, till 80-90%, som fordras för att tillverka kärnvapen. Iran har också resurser att framställa andra delar av kärnladdningarna. Om Iran startar anrikning i stor skala kan man frukta att Iran sedan säger upp avtalet med IAEA och inom ett fåtal år har färdiga kärnvapen.

I och för sig har Iran inte uppfyllt sina förpliktelser enligt NPT-avtalet i alla avseenden. Man har inte rapporterat sina aktiviteter enligt bestämmelserna. Flera andra länder har brutit mot reglerna i långt högre grad utan att detta medfört något stort rabalder. Brasilien har t ex startat en anrikning av U235 och vägrar att låta IAEA inspektera verksamheten.

För att stoppa Irans utveckling av kärnvapen diskuteras sanktioner. Däremot är ett amerikanskt invasionsförsök knappast sannolikt, Iran är helt enkelt för stort och skulle bjuda ett starkt militärt motstånd. Möjligheten diskuteras nu i amerikansk press att Israel bombar de anläggningar man anser vara hotfulla. Israels ledare anser att bombningen av Iraks kärnreaktor 1981 var viktig för att hindra Irak kärnvapenutveckling. I Iran skulle man dock i så fall behöva bomba på många platser. Radioaktiva ämnen skulle sannolikt spridas från reaktorerna. Förödelsen skulle bli stor. Hatet mot Israel och USA skulle växa. Andra länder i området skulle se sig om efter möjligheter att skaffa kärnvapen.

Sanktioner eller bomber tycks vara de enda medel man diskuterar. Kanske man borde pröva förhandlingar först?

Vad skulle Iran vilja ha i en förhandling? Status åt landet och ledarna, kanske symboler för sin ställning som regionens stormakt, bl a genom en non-aggressionspakt med USA, genom ett direkt möte mellan Irans president och USA:s president, diskussioner av Irans förslag om “Dialog mellan civilisationer” och ett slut på talet om Ondskans axelmakter. Man vill också att de sanktioner som idag hindrar Irans utveckling och kontakter med omvärlden upphävs. Och man vill ha handel. Flera av Irans religiösa och politiska ledare är i första hand affärsmän, vana vid korruption och handtryckningar. Handelsavtal med Europa och USA skulle inte bara binda upp ledarna vid gjorda överenskommelser, det skulle också förändra Iran. De flesta människor i Iran, särskilt de unga, är fascinerade av västerlandet och särskilt av USA. Amerikanska investeringar är efterfrågade.

Skulle förhandlingar kunna stoppa Irans kärnvapenprogram? Det vet man inte förrän man allvarligt försökt. Under tiden bör man kunna kräva att Iran accepterar IAEA:s krav på utökade och täta inspektioner i utbyte mot leverans av uran för civila kärnkraftreaktorer.

I dagsläget bör man energiskt, fördomsfritt och uthålligt driva förhandlingar med Iran för att stoppa kärnvapenutvecklingen där, och för att dra Iran in i ett utbyte av handel, idéer, utbildning och turism, med USA, med Europa men också med grannländerna. Målet är en kärnvapenfri zon i Mellan-Östern, kanske hela vägen från Marocko till Afganistan.

Om inte detta lyckas och Israel behåller sina kärnvapen förblir risken stor att Iran också skaffar atombomber.

* Ledare Infobladet, SLMK, jan 2005

Medical education and professional career

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