Eliter i länder där två tredjedelar av världens befolkning bor ser i dag USA som det största hotet mot deras samhällen. Recension av Sören Sommelius,
TFF konfliktläkare och kulturredaktör på Helsingborg Dagblad

FOREIGN AFFAIRS
March/April 1999 The Lonely Superpower
Samuel P. Huntington.

USA är enda supermakt efter det kalla krigets slut. Men är det så enkelt att det kalla krigets världsordning med rivalitet mellan två supermakter har ersatts av ny med enbart USA i den globala maktordningens topp?

Harvardprofessorn Samuel P. Huntington, författare till “The Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of World Order”, menar i “The Lonely Superpower” (Den ensamma supermakten), en artikel i nya numret av tidskriften Foreign Affairs, att USA visserligen är samtidens enda supermakt men att den nya världsordningen är en hybrid, ett “en-mulitipolärt” system, med en supermakt och många länder som fungerar som regionala stormakter och därtill åter andra länder i en position som andrarangens regionala stormakter.

USA dominerar i dag världen inom snart sagt alla områden, skriver Huntington, “ekonomiskt, militärt, diplomatiskt, ideologiskt, teknologiskt och kulturellt”, med förmågan att genomdriva sina intressen i vilken del av världen som helst.

USA kan i praktiken dock inte agera helt ensamt. Man måste söka stöd av regionala stormakter &endash; eller av andrarangsstaterna, vars intressen ofta står i konflikt med de regionala stormakternas. Just därför är det lätt för USA att få stöd av andrarangsstaterna, som England (i rivalitet med Tyskland) och Ukraina (som inte vill domineras av Ryssland) eller Argentina (gentemot brasiliansk dominans).

Huntingtons artikel är skriven före Natos bombningar av Jugoslavien. Den ger många nycklar till det som nu händer på Balkan.

USA utövar stora påtryckningar gentemot andra länder för att få dem att acceptera amerikanska värden. Man agerar internationellt utifrån amerikansk lag och graderar länder efter hur de lever upp till amerikansk standard. Genom Världsbanken och Internationella Valutafonden kan man påverka och belöna länder. Det stora lånet som beviljats Ryssland i dagarna mitt under Jugoslavien-bombningarna är ett sådant tydligt exempel.

Stater som underordnar sig amerikansk hegemoni belönas och får amerikansk ekonomisk hjälp i stället för sanktioner. Saudiarabien (med grava människorättskränkningar) är ett sådant exempel. Israel (med ett utmanande kärnvapenprogram och ständigt saboterande av regionala fredsavtal) ett annat.

De länder som inte underordnar sig USA möts med ekonomiska sanktioner, utesluts från internationella institutioner eller blir mål för militära aktioner, konstaterar Huntington.

USA kan i dag sända kryssningsmissiler mot andra länder eller bomba dem &endash; till för den amerikanska krigsmakten “ganska låg kostnad”, menar Huntington. Dessvärre är resultatet av bombningar oftast rakt motsatt det man velat åstadkomma:

“Ju mer USA attackerar en utländsk ledare, desto mer växer hans popularitet bland hans landsmän som applåderar honom för att stå emot världens mäktigaste stat.”

De ledare USA demoniserat har regelbundet fått sin interna makt förstärkt, alltifrån Fidel Castro (som överlevt åtta amerikanska presidenter) till Saddam Hussein och Slobodan Milosevic.

USA utpekar andra länder som slyngelstater. Man beter sig som “en global sheriff” och blir själv en “slyngel-supermakt”, skriver Huntington.

USA agerar på egen hand i viktiga frågor som avgifterna till FN, avtalet om förbud mot landminor och upprättandet av en permanent krigsförbrytartribunal. Inte mindre än 35 länder blev föremål för sanktioner från USA:s sida mellan 1993 och 1996. I år finns också Sverige på den listan.

Därmed blir USA också alltmer isolerat. På en konferens i Harvard 1997 kunde forskare rapportera att politiker och eliter i länder som omfattar två tredjedelar av världens befolkning ser USA som det största enskilda hotet mot deras samhällen, med “finansiell imperialism”, “intellektuell kolonialism” och en utrikespolitik som styrs av inrikespolitiska förutsättningar.

När USA bombar Jugoslavien ställer man cyniskt till med en mänsklig katastrof. Ansvaret för den etniska rensning som nu sker i Kosovo vilar till mycket stor del i Vita huset.

Hur kunde det bli så? Att en under lång tid försvagad president vill visa sig handlingskraftig är en orsak. En annan är att den amerikanska vapenindustrin behöver kris och krig för nya order.

Men viktigast är förmodligen att USA genom att bomba Jugoslavien manifesterar sin position som världens mäktigaste stat. De länder som inte underordnar sig ska veta att nästa gång kan det vara deras tur, alldeles särskilt Ryssland.

Huntington vågar trots allt vara lite optimistisk. Han tror att den nuvaranda globala maktstrukturen med amerikansk hegemoni är kortvarig och kommer att ersättas av en ny världsordning med många regionala stormakter som spelar den viktigaste rollen i sina regioner. Ett viktigt instrument i denprocessen är EU och särskilt den europeiska valutaunionen, menar han.

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Read More
Living-Peace-Sign-Budapest-copy
Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
b54a1f10-8c65-4f0b-9dd5-4abc0a7d04cc_2659x2659
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
010
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Screenshot 2026-10-02 011738
Jan ObergPhD, director, The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, TFFLund, Sweden October 2, 2026 This is my full original manuscript. The Chinese Academy of Social Science, CASS, makes two publications out if it. 1. China’s Five-year plan emphasized the capabilities of basic research and original innovation. It is regarded as the goal of the future social development, which, as required, should be significantly enhanced. Can you comment on the importance of original innovation in research and academic study? I believe it is easier to define “original innovation” in the natural sciences than in social sciences. The breaking points of what constitutes something new, or innovative, are not quite as sharp in the latter. But in both fields it is about opening up something that was closed, unseen, unexplored before – making manifest what was earlier latent. Innovations come in many forms and shapes – naming something that was not...
arctic-circle-map
The agreement is catastrophic both because of what it says and what it doesn’t mention. It reduces further the major asset of security policies: Freedom of action. Jan Oberg TFF director September 25, 2026 A couple of hours before the agreement was signed on September 22, 2026, I published the following 13 hypotheses about what it would most likely contain on TFF Substack (in English). I was wrong on only the first point. Contrary to what Trump had written on his Truth Social platform, it does not appear to come into force immediately. In fact, it turned out to be worse than even I had anticipated. After these hypotheses now come a number of reflections in light of what the agreement actually contains, and does not contain, as well as the way in which it has generally been presented by major media outlets and by the public-service broadcaster DR. My...
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...