Kalejdoskop 89 – OSSEs toppmöte: Nya vägar, också på Balkan

Danmark fungerar fram till årsskiftet som ordförandeland i OSSE, den Europeiska Säkerhets- och Samarbetsorganisationen. 18 &endash; 19 december arrangeras ett toppmöte i Köpenhamn. Jag hoppas att energin vid detta möte används till konkret handling och inte förspills i flortunna uttalanden.

Under perioden 1975 &endash; 1985 profilerade sig OSSE när det gäller mänskliga rättigheter, information, kultur och utbildning. Mellan åren 1986 och 1992 tillkom förtroende- och säkerhetsskapande åtgärder samt vapenkontroll. Med Paris Chartret från 1990 ligger tyngdpunkten på folkrätt, demokrati, marknadsliberala reformer, social rättvisa, miljöfrågor samt från 1994 på förebyggande diplomati, konfliktförebyggande insatser, krishantering och kooperativ säkerhet. I 15 av världens brännpunkter har OSSE-insatser gjort imponerande mycket som sällan når ut i medierna.

Medlemsstaterna, till vilka trots OSSEs namn också räknas USA och Kanada, har från 1990 ökat i antal från 34 till 55 i dag. Världen har gått in i ett skede, där OSSEs och FNs målsättningar och erfarenheter är långt mer relevanta än NATOs och t ex den Västeuropeiska unionens, VEUs.

Miljarder dollar
Genom att undersöka hur pengar används kan man få en bild av människors och länders prioriteringar. USAs militära budget är dryga 250 miljarder dollar per år, NATOs samlade 430 miljarder dollar. Siffran för Ryssland ligger omkring 25 miljarder dollar. FN med alla underorganisationer och fredsbevarande insatser kostar knappa tio miljarder dollar.

OSSEs budget utgör 66 miljoner dollar per år eller dryga miljonen dollar per medlemsstat. Härav går 1.25 miljoner till dess Konfliktförebyggande Center. OSSE får dessutom en rad frivilliga bidrag, som under 1997 uppgick till 63 miljoner dollar, till olika demokratiprojekt. OSSE i Kroatien kostar nu sex miljoner dollar.

Trots alla besvärjelser om det motsatta prioriterar våra regeringar vid slutet av det tjugonde århundradet &endash; historiens mest brutala &endash; våldsstrukturer snarare än fredliga medel när det gäller säkerheten, något som är helt ur takt med tiden.

Förslag till OSSE
Med denna bakgrund vill jag ge några förslag till vad som borde diskuteras på mötet i Köpenhamn:

1) OSSEs mänskliga och ekonomiska resurser måste ökas. Hur orealistiskt det än låter vore en tio gånger så stor budget rimlig för att hantera de allt mer komplexa konflikter regeringarna lägger över på OSSE.

2) OSSEs konfliktförebyggande Center måste göras till en central och effektiv institution, som självständigt i konflikter kan samla in data för att övervaka politisk spänning, som kan leda till våld. Centret måste kunna övervaka och följa före-våldssituationer och kunna företa oavhängiga konfliktanalyser och områdesstudier så att man kan varna för potentiellt våld.

3) Speciell beredskap bör upprättas för psyko-sociala aspekter i alla konflikter &endash; sådant som försoning, förlåtelse, bearbetande av sorg och smärta, sanningskommissioner, insatser för att återskapa det civila samhället, allt av helt avgörande betydelse under efterkrigsnormalisering. Arbetet kan både fungera förebyggande och förhindra att gamla konflikter blossar upp igen.

4) Systematisk intern utbildning är viktig, så att de som sänds ut är professionella och inte amatörer när det gäller att medla, förhandla och försona.

5) I flera år har OSSE arbetat med en “Säkerhetsmodell för det 21a århundradet”. Denna måste nu debatteras offentligt, så att ökad lärdom kan dras av att hundratals miljoner dukat under i krig och underutveckling detta århundrade som samtidigt rymt så enastående teknisk och ekonomisk utveckling. En “Säkerhetsmodell …” bör ta som utgångspunkt tre stora utmaningar:

a) Hur minskar vi det direkta våldet, särskilt krig? Hur gör vi vapenbruk illegitimt, på samma sätt som en gång slaveriet?

b) Hur reducerar vi det strukturella våldet, det som inte har med krig att göra men utövas till följd av sociala och ekonomiska system?

c) Hur kan vi långsamt gå över till säkerhets- och utvecklingstänkande, som innehåller nya alternativ i våra relationer till andra människor, andra kulturer och till naturen?

Till slut återstår Europas svårlösta knut, Balkan. Det tar tid att förändra stil och lägga om växel och upptäcka att det nu handlar också om andra saker än om Bosnien och krigsförbrytarna. FNs insats i Östra Slavonien i Kroatien &endash; UNTAES &endash; ska den 15 januari 1988 dras tillbaka och ersättas av en mindra organisation i området. OSSE blir då den viktigaste aktören i området.

Det som står på spel under de kommande veckorna och månaderna är kort uttryckt följande:

Kommer en större eller mindre del av de kvarvarande 100.000 serberna i området fly till Bosnien eller till Jugoslavien? Eller kommer de att kunna återvända till de byar och städer i Kroatien som de tidigare flytt från, alternativt kunna leva fredligt med de kroater som nu lever i regionen och de tidigare fördrivna kroater som väntar på att kunna återvända dit?

Mer än något annat finns det nu bruk för att ge försökringar om säkerhet och därtill psykosocialt stöd till såväl den serbiska minoriteten som till de kroater som förväntas återvända till området. Den kroatiska regeringen bygger fortfarande på idéen om etnisk rensning, om än denna gång med byråkratiskt raffinerade metoder.

Det är glädjande att Kroatien antagit ett program för nationell försoning. Men landet behöver hjälp för att leva upp till det. Om också bara några tusen människor till flyr, då kommer det internationella samfundet, d v s OSSE, att ha misslyckats både moraliskt och politiskt och vi står inför ännu en flyktingström i Europa. Detta får inte ske. Och detta får inte komma som en överraskning för Europas politiker. Därför:

6) OSSEs organisation i Östra Slavonien måste förstärkas, kvantitativt och kvalitativt &endash; och få ett mera robust mandat i förhållande till den kroatiska regimen.

7) Jugoslavien (Serbien och Montenegro) som suspenderades ur OSSE 1991 måste få vara med i organisationen igen. Om så sker kan OSSE på ett korrekt sätt engagera sig i Kosovo, Vojvodina och Sandjak. Särskilt i Kosovo är situationen oroande med växande risker, om inte en professionell medlingsinsats görs för första gången sedan 1991.

8) En särskild “Helsinki-process” för hela Balkan bör igångsättas. I denna måste också icke statliga organisationer med expertis i området kunna delta. Detta har länge varit välmotiverat, inte minst av det skäl att allt i denna region hänger samman med allt annat.

Dessa åtta konkreta förslag och fler liknande skulle både kunna föra in kreativ energi i hanteringen av de många konflikterna och profilera OSSE på ett sätt som skulle vara av stort värde för denna organisation med alla sina latenta möjligheter. Förslagen skulle också kunna bidra till att förebygga något av det framtida våldet.

Det hela hänger samman med den politiska viljan till att i säkerhets- och fredspolitiken också utveckla och vidga de civila och humanitära medlen.

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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