PressInfo #193 – PressInfo 193 Giv Burundis fred en chance

Den 12-13 januar 2004 blev der afholdt en donorkonferens for Burundi i Bryssel, arrangeret af Burundis og Belgiens regeringer og FNs Udviklingsprogram, UNDP. Der er uendeligt meget på spil for de 7 millioner mennesker. Se iøvrigt mere om landet og TFFs engagement i landet under TFF’s Burundi Forum.

Forestil dig et øjeblik at politik handler om godhed og gavmildhed. Hvor kunne nogle få millioner dollars i ulandshjælp og nogle få private hjælpeorganisationer – med garanti – vinde hjerterne hos nogle ekstremt fattige millioner mennesker som ønsker fred og som allerede arbejder hårdt for at opnå den efter 10 års krig og folkemord?

Svaret er Burundi, det hjerteformede land i hjertet af Afrika. Burundi giver en positiv historie fra Afrika. Men hvad ved verden om Burundi, dets problemer og kampe? Her er de basale kendsgerninger.

Burundis brutale virkelighed

Burundis befolkning er på ca. 7 millioner og det er nummer 171 af 175 lande på UNDPs udviklingsliste. Den forventede levetid ved fødslen er 41 år. 69 % af befolkningen er underernæret. Der er 290.000 internt fordrevne og omkring 800.000 burundiske flygtninge udenfor landet venter på at komme hjem. BNP er 145 US$ per person. Mens halvdelen af befolkningen er analfabeter, har 50 % af folkeskolebørnene ingen bøger og de, der har en skole at gå til mangler 80 – 100 % af de nødvendige bøger dér.

Der er 1 læge til 100.000 personer og 1 psykiater i hele landet. Sundhedssystemet er brudt sammen og 70 % af hospitalssengene optages af AIDS patienter. 40.000 dør årligt af AIDS; det er 13 gange antallet af ofre den 11. september. Der er en kvart million AIDS-forældreløse i landet. Så, verdens humanister, Burundi er jeres bedste valg i år !

Der er ekstrem fattigdom, udbredt følelsesmæssig, social og seksuel vold; der er stigende korruption. Der er en ekstremt ulige fordeling af velstand og magt. Infrastrukturen eksisterer knapt; at rejse til visse provinser kræver særlige sikkerhedsforanstaltninger; der er ingen jernbane og landet har intet nationalmuseum.

Jo, vist, der foregår stadig nogen kampe, fordi en oprørsbevægelse, som siges at tælle mindre en 1000 soldater, der også siges at være røvere, nægter at tilslutte sig fredsprocessen. Burundi nåede sidst forsiderne i juli 2003, da disse oprørere gennemførte et angreb på hovedstaden Bujumbura i den såkaldte etniske konflikt mellem Hutu og Tutsi. Det er langt fra kun en etnisk konflikt – om det overhovedet er det – men det er den fremherskende tolkning blandt folk, der er mere interesserede i vold og krig end i at forstå de underliggende konflikter.

Den positive historie – de vil have fred nu

Så meget om Burundis triste kendsgerninger. Heldigvis er der en meget bedre historie at berette fra denne forhenværende “fredsoase” i Afrika: det kan blive en sådan oase igen! De gode nyheder er, at med undtagelse af de få allerede nævnte oprørere, har alle parter nu samlet sig i Arusha aftalen om fred og forsoning og de deltager alle i fredsprocessen, den næstsidste oprørsbevægelse kom med i august 2003.

Burundi er et af få lande i verden, som har en minister for fred og forsoning og en minister for menneskerettigheder og god regeringsskik, den sidste forøvrigt en tidligere oprørsleder. Der er en afrikansk fredsovervågningsgruppe, der faktisk fungerer. Enhver besøgende, som møder politikere og intellektuelle, vil hurtigt finde ud af, at der er et overraskende antal af fordomsfrie, simpelthen godhjertede kvinder og mænd, som har både gode visioner og god vilje.

Trods alt dette vil fredsprocessen helt sikkert slå fejl, hvis ikke det internationale samfund – EU-landene i særdeleshed – viser lignende kvaliteter: gode hjerter, visioner og viljen til at gøre noget. Burundi har ikke diamanter eller olie – måske en god ting, så bliver det ikke så let offer for en “humanitær” intervention – men det har et godt klima, strålende naturlige betingelser for at brødføde sit folk og da det også er enestående smukt, et absolut potentiale for turisme.

Vigtigst af alt folk er helt udmattede – hverken hutuer (84 %) eller tutsier (15 %) eller twaer (1 %) ønsker så meget som en dags kamp mere. Det er en væsentlig ændring i forhold til sidst, jeg var i Burundi for 4 år siden. Burundierne har på den hårde måde lært, at krig, folkemord og anden vold kun bragte sorg og ødelæggelse til alle, bortset fra nogle få korrupte politikere og røvere (som, som sædvanligt, også her gjorde sig rige på ugennemtænkte sanktioner, der ramte de forkerte personer). Få mennesker kan arbejde med en dybere overbevisning for fred og udvikling end burundierne efter det helvede på jorden, de har gået igennem.

Hvordan overleve 2004 – og årene der kommer?

Så hvad er de umiddelbare udfordringer i 2004? Der er afrustning og et militær, der skal skaffes civile job. Under krigsårene svulmede hæren op til måske 60.000 soldater; den skal nu slankes og omformes til et enhedsforsvar på max 20.000. Der er et desperat behov for at afmobiliserede soldater, hjemvendende flygtninge og resten af folket får mad, noget at lave, skoler til børnene og medicinsk service.

I løbet af 11 måneder skal den siddende overgangsregering og parlamentet erstattes med nye gennem valg. Jeg spørger mig selv, hvordan i al verden, de kan blive i stand til at gennemføre fair, ærlige og pålidelige valg oveni alle de andre problemer og uden en folketælling og valglov. Toppolitikere fortæller mig at det skal landet simpelthen, det står i Arusha-aftalen og selv dårlige valg er bedre end ingen.

Et andet stort problem er forsoning og opbygning af gensidig tillid. Nogen fortæller mig, at landet skal have en Sandheds- og forsoningskommission som den i Sydafrika. Andre fortæller, at Burundi er anderledes og specielt og at en sådan proces ville gøre mere skade end gavn. Og der var også simpelthen for mange, der begik forbrydelser, til at man kan gennemføre egentlige retssager – for slet ikke at tale om, at hele det juridiske system ligger i ruiner. Således synes det eneste, der kan forventes at virke, at være uformelle dagligdags, menneske-til- menneske, lokalsamfund-til-lokalsamfund, kontakter omkring forsoning og tilgivelse.

Jeg mødte mange fredshelte i Burundi. Der er fremragende visionære intellektuelle; der er engagerede, hårdtarbejdende NGOer; der er et spirende civilsamfund, der styrkes og som med umenneskeligt små ressourcer forsøger at forankre og styrke elitens og partisystemets fredsaftale blandt de ludfattige millioner. Det er almindeligt kendt, at denne fredsaftale lader meget tilbage at ønske. Og det er almindeligt accepteret, at der ikke er en hurtigere eller bedre vej til en fremtid med fred og udvikling.

Kan vanviddet komme tilbage? Og hvor henvender man sig når man ønsker fred?

Men jeg er bange for, at hvis vi ikke hjælper Burundi nu, så vil mange blive så frustrerede, at de sandsynligvis vender tilbage til bjergene og genoptager deres kampe og folkemordspolitiken. Det behøver ikke at ske.

Hvis der kommer et nyt folkemord, vil du høre om det. Men du vil ikke høre om, at vi – det “internationale samfund” – forårsagede det, ved ikke at gøre det, der havde været så let. Sådan er synsvinklen på Afrika. Det er ikke rimeligt, det er ikke objektiv journalistik og det øger bestemt ikke regerings- og udviklingsorganisationernes villighed til at blande sig på det tidspunkt, hvor tiden er moden. Og tiden er moden nu! Ikke at hjælpe Burundi gennem 2004 er opskriften på et nyt helvede i Afrika.

Når lande har naturlige ressourcer, vi vil have eller når ekstremistiske grupper i et land anvender voldelige metoder, står forskellige grupper i det internationale samfund klar til at forsyne dem med våben, ammunition, lejesoldater, propaganda og medieopmærksomhed. Men hvem kan lande henvende sig til for medfølelse, assistance, barmhjertighed når de kæmper for at komme ud af krig og fejludvikling? Hvor skal de henvende sig for at få fredsassistance på deres egne vilkår ?

Proritér rigtigt og hjælp Burundi til at blive en Fredens Oase

Her er der et afrikansk land, der burde stå på forsiderne for sin kamp for fred og udvikling. Det er menneskelig tåbelighed og forkerte prioritering i vor verden, når magtfulde lande i Europa og USA selv prøver at skabe umulig fred dér hvor de ikke er ønskede og samtidig ignorerer de steder, hvor freden er absolut muli! Bush-administrationen anvender 1 milliard US$ om ugen i Iraq, uden at have held – synes det – med at vinde de 24 millioner irakeres hjerter.

Kendsgerningen er, at det ville være vældigt billigt at hjælpe Burundi. FNs Consolidated Appeals Process, begærer 72 millioner US$ for at klare de umiddelbare humanitære behov i 2004. Landet har en akkumuleret gæld på 1.2 milliarder US$. I global målestok er det klatskillinger! Naturligvis, en virkelig udvikling over det næste tiår ville kræve meget mere hjælp og investering. Men den allerførste betingelse er, at folk overlever, at børnene kommer i skole. Det kan de, hvis vi hjælper dem.

Lad os belønne burundierne, fordi de har vendt sig fra krig til fred og give dem humanitær hjælp og slette gælden helt. Det ville være konflikthåndtering, voldsforebyggelse og menneskelighed på en gang. Det ville være at vise andre, at fred betaler sig.

Her er en god historie på vej ! Dette er stedet, hvor man kan vinde 7 millioner hjerter. Dette er stedet, hvor folk og regeringer, som har et seriøst ønske om en bedre verden, har en enestående chance. Lad os arbejde sammen med burundierne om at genskabe deres ønskede fredsoase !

Oversat fra engelsk af Orla Jordal

© TFF 2004

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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