PressInfo #76 – Svetu trebaju centri za rekoncilijaciju (izmirenje)

“Da li se još sećate Kim, devetogodišnje vijetnamske devojčice koju su 1972. godine pogodili napalmom američki ratni avioni? Ta slika je 24 godine proganjala Džona Plamera; on je pilotirao helikopterom koji je omogućio taj napad napalmom. Njegov brak je propao, on se izolovao od prijatelja i rodbine i propio; posle svega postao je metodistički pastor u Virdžiniji. Kim i Džon su se sreli 1996. godine i on kaže: „Kim je videla moj bol, moju tugu, moje sažaljenje… Ispružila je ruke i zagrlila me. Jedine reči koje sam uspevao da prozborim bile su: ‘Žalim, žao mi je’ – i to sam ponavljao i ponavljao. Ona je tada govorila: ‘U redu je, u redu, opraštam ti.” Njih dvoje su sada dobri prijatelji koji se često čuju i razgovaraju.

Možda je ovo jedinstvena priča, no kako uopšte možemo govoriti o obnavljanju mira posle ratom nanesenih ozleda, štete i zla, a da svoju pažnju ne posvetimo i humanim aspektima sukoba uopšte, a pogotovo opraštanju i rekoncilijaciji?“ pita se direktor TFF-a, Jan Oberg. „Mislim da bi opraštanje i rekoncilijacija trebalo da postanu naš glavni cilj: u istražnim studijama, u obučavanju i treninzima, a iznad svega moramo da damo snagu svakoj civilnoj i vojnoj – i svakoj međunarodnoj organizaciji koja se bavi ratom razorenim zajednicama – da na tome radi s lokalnim stanovnicima.

Samo pogledajte Bosnu i Hrvatsku posle 1995. Pogledajte Kosovo danas ili Somaliju… Jesu li i tamo ljudi raširili ruke jedni prema drugima i rekli „Opraštam ti“? Imaju li sada više poverenja jedni u druge? Da li su naučili kako da izađu na kraj s prošlim događajima, ne tako što će naprosto zaboraviti ili krivicu bacati jedni na druge, nego tako što će priznati sve što se dogodilo i potruditi se da nađu način da se to više nikada ne ponovi? Može li se to reći čak i za Južnoafričku Republiku? Lako je popraviti kuće i infrastrukturu, lako je razbacivati se novcem i govoriti o ljudskim pravima. Ali šta da se radi ako ljudi na terenu i dalje mrze jedni druge i ni na pamet im ne pada da urade bilo šta što bi ličilo na ono što su uradili Kim i Džon? Hoće li oni ikada postati istinski srećni i hoće li ikada ponovo pronaći svoj unutrašnji mir? Hoće li to biti omogućeno makar njihovoj deci? Kako će onda izgledati njihovo društvo ukoliko ne budemo znali kako da, da se tako izrazimo, „popravimo“ i duše ljudi i da pomognemo da se stvori tolerancija, koegzistencija, pa čak i saradnja i ljubav?“

Jan Oberg dalje kaže: „Jedan od mojih najdirljivijih doživljaja bio je kada smo članovi TFF tima i ja pomagali Hrvatima i Srbima u istočnoj Slavoniji da se ponovo sretnu: momci i devojke zajedno sa generacijom svojih roditelja po prvi put su dobili priliku da se sretnu licem u lice i razgovaraju o svemu što se dogodilo – uz obavezu da se drže isključivo činjenica, da govore o sebi (‘I language’) i da izbegavaju da krivicu bacaju na bilo koga. Mnogi su se rasplakali, posle toga su se mnogi zajedno i nasmejali – neki su do sada postali prijatelji i zajedno učestvovali na nekoliko različitih projekata – a, istina je, neki su sastanak napustili pre kraja i još jednom ostali bez nade.

To mi je pomoglo da shvatim koliko smo problem ‘rekonstrukcije duše’ do sada zapostavljali i koliko je bez toga sve drugo uzaludno. Na Kosovo možete sasuti novca koliko god hoćete – to neće dovesti do mira osim ako, uz duboko poštovanje i uvažavanje lokalnih ljudi na svim stranama, ne donesete i ono nešto što je u novčanim terminima neizmerljivo.

Nedavno sam bio u Burundiju, zemlji u kojoj su mnogo gora zverstva pogodila neuporedivo veći broj ljudi. Tokom dvonedeljnog boravka od brojnih nevladinih organizacija i ministara tamo sam mogao čuti neuporedivo smisleniji i iskreniji mirotvorni govor nego tokom svih osam godina TFF-ove misije u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Nemam spreman odgovor za ovu razliku, ali se pitam da li smo mi Evropljani više skloni miru koji se gradi mačem – legalistički, mehanički i nametanjem spoljašnjih ekonomskih, političkih i ljudskopravaških uslova – dok drugi možda mir vide pre kao pokušaj da se postigne pomirenje sa samim sobom, da se izađe na kraj sa zlom koje se dogodilo, da se pronađu sopstveni načini i iskoriste lokalni kulturni rituali i tradicije kako bi se omogućilo praštanje i rekoncilijacija. Ukratko, izgleda da bogati Zapad teži manje-više intervencionističkim brzopoteznim mirovnim paketima gde ljudi dolaze na poslednje mesto, dok druge kulture stavljaju ljude i nematerijalnu dimenziju problema na prvo mesto, znajući da istinski mir mora proisteći iz pojedinca i iz društvenog tkiva. Ako je to tako, onda bi mi Zapadnjaci o mirotvorstvu mogli mnogo da naučimo od drugih kultura.

Za praštanje postoji mnogo definicija, ali po svojoj suštini to je individualni moralni čin koji pomaže čoveku da se oslobodi bremena mržnje i prava na osvetu. Za rekoncilijaciju su potrebne najmanje dve osobe i njome se teži da se iz mračne i bolne prošlosti izvuče nešto konstruktivno. Praštanje ne znači zaboraviti; naprotiv, znači zapamtiti prošlost kako bi se u budućnosti živelo normalnije i ispunjenije. Ništa od ovoga ne može se postići novcem, oružjem ili pravnim merama – i sve to ide daleko dublje od obuke o ljudskim pravima.

„Da budem još konkretniji“, nastavlja Jan Oberg, „vreme je da iz svih tih užasnih ratova nešto naučimo i izvučemo konstruktivne zaključke iz moralnih i intelektualnih katastrofa, među kojima je i prisustvo takozvane ‘međunarodne zajednice’ na Kosovu. Zamislimo da osnujemo regionalne institute (centre ili akademije) za rekoncilijaciju u područjima gde su sukobi istorijski česti i gde postoji rizik da se ponove. Rekoncilijaciju možemo shvatiti kao krovni koncept koji obuhvata sve što se dešava od potpisivanja primirja do pune normalizacije i socioekonomskog razvoja – sa posebnim naglaskom na humanu dimenziju posleratne obnove.“

[Završni deo teksta ostaje tematski i sadržajno isti kao u originalu, uz tehnički ispravljene prelome, interpunkciju i tipografske znakove.]

© TFF 1999

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