PressInfo #73 – Neki moralni aspekti intervencije NATO-a na Kosovu Prvi deo (A)

“Doslo je vreme da se osvrnemo na ono sto se stvarno dogodilo ovog proleca na Kosovu a dogodilo se ne samo Kosovu vec i citavom svetu. Ubedjen sam da ce se istoricari sloziti sa mnom kako su se od 24. marta 1999. na ovamo medjunarodni odnosi i politika a i sam globalni sistem uveliko promenili,” kaze direktor TFF-a, Jan Oberg. “Veliki je broj onih koji intervenciju NATO-a smatraju pobedom moralnosti, pravednim ratom i pobedom demokratskih vrednosti.

Ja medjutim verujem da na nju moramo gledati iz nekoliko razlicitih uglova zato da bi (a) mogli da je sto dublje shvatimo i razumemo i zato da bi mogli da na osnovu nje (b) razvijemo niz ideja, gledista i principa koji bi nam pomogli da sprecimo da se nesto slicno ikada vise, bilo gde drugde uopste ponovo dogodi. Zaista zacudjuje da ovaj rat – vodjen s toliko moralne nadmenosti a s navodnim zadatkom da se unaprede najtananiji ideali zapadne kulture – do danas niko nije ni pokusao da sagleda kroz prizmu upravo tih i takvih termina (ideala). Ja nisam filozof morala i etike ali cu vam svejedno nabaciti nekoliko gledista kako bi ih mogli upotrebiti u sopstevim promisljanjima savremene istorije i – ako tako nesto igde jos uopste postoji – “moralne inostrane politike.”

• Rat uzvisenih ideala i niskog rizika. Na zapadu zive ljudi i oni gaje neke plemenite ideale. Ali kad se ukaze potreba da zivoti zapadnjaka eventualno budu zrtvovani radi ostvarenja tih ideala, onda ideali popustaju. I Albanci i Srbi su dokazali svoju spremnost da poloze zrtvu za ono u sta veruju.

• David i Golijat. Savez jaci od bilo cega zabelezenog u citavom toku dosadasnje istorije napao je jednu malu zemlju i unistavao je sa 1100 aviona bez prestanka tokom 79 dana. NATO je Jugoslaviji mogao da napravi sto god je hteo dok Jugoslavija ni na koji nacin nije mogla da naudi bilo kojoj od NATO zemalja. Ma koliko ljudi bili uobicajeno skloni da u svakom sukobu Davida i Golijata svoje simpatije stave na Davidovu stranu, takvih simpatija ovom prilikom nije bilo. Ima li za to valjanog objasnjenja? Ima – deset godina demonizacije. A kao dopuna ovome, krstareci projektili su jeftina sredstva koja osiguravaju unistavanje neprijateljske teritorije bez ikakvih ljudskih ili materijalnih troskova za napadaca. U osnovi celog NATO-ovog hvalisanja svojom odlucnoscu i njegovog busanja u grudi zbog uspeha koje je postigao krije se visokom tehnologijom potkovan kukavicluk tesko uporediv sa bilo cim dosad vidjenim.

• Rat vodjen uglavnom protiv civila. Verovatno jedna od najvecih u kolopletu lazi ispredenih oko ovog rata bila je ona da “mi nismo u ratu protiv jugoslovenskih ljudi.” NATO je unistio 300 fabrika i rafinerija, 190 obrazovnih ustanova, 20 bolnica, 30 klinika, 60 mostova, 5 aerodroma; pobio je najmanje 2000 civila a 6000 ranio, mnogi ce tek umreti ili barem propatiti zbog unistene zdravstvene infrastrukture. Na sve ovo slobodno dodajte i sankcije koje su na snazi jos od 1991. i teret preko 700.000 izbeglica iz drugih republika a sad i sa Kosova. Od vojnih efektiva unisteno je svega 12–15 tenkova i samo nekoliko aviona, ostalo su bile makete, mamci!

• Selektivni pristup pravdi – brojni puno zesci sukobi i mnogo tezi humanitarni problemi ostali su nezapazeni. Po statistikama povreda ljudskih prava, broju u ratu poginulih osoba i po evidentiranom stepenu “diktatorstva” Kosovo predstavlja mali sukob. Ne postoji nikakav dokaz o sistematskom etnickom ciscenju provodjenom na Kosovu u periodu izmedju novembra 1998. i marta 1999. To su potvrdili i OEBS-ovi promatraci. Nemacka je na Kosovo bila vratila 11.000 izbeglica. Nijedna humanitarna organizacija tada prisutna na Kosovu ne izvestava ni o kakvom grandioznom planu – cak ni o naznakama da nesto takvo uopste postoji – da se Kosovo etnicki ocisti od milion i po tamosnjih Albanaca. Pogledajte samo bilo koji od preko trideset danas jos aktivnih sukoba sirom sveta i sigurno cete se zapitati: zasto bas ovakav angazman Zapada, zasto bas ovako gigantskih razmera i zasto bas ovde?

• Kolektivno kaznjavanje postalo je opste prihvaceno. Izuzetna magnituda i opseg unistavanja privrede i infrastrukture Savezne republike Jugoslavije s njenih 11 miliona gradjana (vecina kojih je uostalom potpuno nevina) koje je izvrsio NATO nije izazvala odgovarajucu, proporcionalnu, rasirenu ili intenzivnu debatu ni u jednoj od zapadnih zemalja uopste, a posebno ne u bilo kojoj od NATO drzava. Dogodili su se doduse masovni protesti (samo nekoliko njih bilo je prikazano i na televiziji) ali oni nisu dostigli potreban zamah dovoljan da zaustavi ovu “kampanju”.

Samo je jedna strana koja ucestvuje u gradjanskom ratu bila demonizovana, izolovana i dovedena pred svrsen cin, samo njoj se pretilo potpunim unistenjem, samo su nju isterali s njene suverene teritorije, njeni su stanovnici bili prisiljeni da napuste ovu pokrajinu a da Zapad pritom, osim nesto mrvica humanitarne pomoci, jednostavno ni nema nameru da im pomogne u obnovi. Narusavanje ljudskih prava ovako masovnih razmera biva cutke prihvaceno a da cak i “korektni” medju organizacijama za zastitu ljudskih prava i medijima o tome jednostavno cute.

• Militarizovani nacin umesto civilnog resavanja sukoba. Posle krize na Kosovu niko vise ne treba da sumnja kako ce se UVEK naci neograniceni izvori sredstava i ljudstva za vojne poslove, dok ce sredstva uvek i sigurno nedostajati za puno jeftiniju, blagovremenu, miroljubivu, ranu preventivnu diplomatiju, diplomatiju usmerenu na izbegavanje sukoba, kao i za miroljubive humanitarne intervencije i posleratno civilno mirotvorstvo. UN, OEBS i razne ne-vladine organizacije ovakvim postupkom bivaju potpuno marginalizovane – to predstavlja nagli sunovrat u intervencionizam i militarizovani nacin stavljanja sukoba pod kontrolu. To takodje predstavlja smisljen i proracunat moralni izbor koji je napravila medjunarodna “zajednica”.

• Humanitarni razlozi nisu do kraja uverljivi. Humanitarna katastrofa se razvila iz NATO-ove operacije. Medjunarodna “zajednica” dozvolila je da Makedonija i Albanija ponesu 98% nastalog tereta dok je sama ustuknula pred zastrasujucom perspektivom da bi izbeglice mogle preplaviti zapadnu Evropu. Amerika je – velikodusno – ponudila da bi mogla preuzeti 20.000 izbeglica koje bi smestila u svoju vojnu bazu na Kubi! Svet se danas napinje da pronadje sredstva potrebna za pomoc i obnovu i ne bi iznenadilo kad bi se za te potrebe posegnulo i okrnjilo sredstva vec predvidjena za humanitarnu pomoc u nekim drugim krajevima sveta u kojima kamere nisu bile tako gusto rasporedjene. Prosecni albanski izbeglica vec danas dobija deset puta vecu vrednost humanitarne pomoci nego africki – ili jedan srpski izbeglica.

Mogli bi reci kako NATO i SAD imaju i moralnu obavezu da isplate nekakve kompenzacije – ako ne za stetu i razaranje koje je napravila njihova vojska onda barem za “kolateralnu stetu”: brojnim porodicama izginulih ili ranjenih nevinih civila, za greskom pogodjene civilne objekte itd.

• Moralna inostrana politika bez ikakve moralne odgovornosti. Poprilican nas je broj koji smo odgojeni u duhu da “samo ja snosim odgovornost za ono sto sam uradim.” Dugacak je spisak krsenja medjunarodnog prava, ratnog prava, ljudskih prava i tome slicno, koja je pocinio NATO tokom svoje bombarderske kampanje. Njih su pravdali time da je postojao grandiozni plan za etnicko ciscenje, da bi se zaustavilo krvoprolice, da bi se suprotstavili okrutnom diktatoru, a koristili su i argumente tipa “kad se ovome danas ne bismo isprecili i to zaustavili – sutra bi sve postalo jos mnogo gore.” Uopsteni razgovori koji su vodjeni u javnosti jednostavno se nikad nisu pozabavili zlocinima koje je pocinio NATO niti je bilo ko na Zapadu posumnjao u politicki legitimitet odluke da se sva pred rat iskazana zlokobna predvidjanja jednostavno odbace i zanemare. Svi su samo cekali da se “nesto” desi sve dok za to nesto “nije postalo neophodno” da to bude bas NATO-ova vojna intervencija.

Na taj nacin je uspostavljeno pravilo da “niko ne mora da odgovara za svoje postupke sve dok se bori protiv onog ko je jos gori od njega”. Da paradoks bude jos veci, isti izgovor koriste i koristice svi gospodari rata i planeri etnickog ciscenja, kako oni u bivsoj Jugoslaviji tako i bilo gde drugde!

• Kaznjava se nenasilje, nasilje biva nagradjeno. Pragmaticna nenasilna linija koju zastupa dr. Rugova nikad nije pridobila znacajniju politicku podrsku, legitimnost niti konkretnu ekonomsku ili drugu vrstu pomoci koju bi mogli da uporedimo s onim sto je Zapad pruzio OVK-u. UN-ov princip “do mira stici miroljubivim sredstvima” u potpunosti je odbacen – isto kao i diplomatija u sluzbi sprecavanja nasilja – tokom niza minulih godina a od strane svake pojedinacne NATO zemlje; UN je odigrao a i dalje igra samo marginalnu ulogu. Sve ne-vladine organizacije i ne-nasilne misije koje su vec bile prisutne u regionu, ukljucujuci tu i OEBS, morale su da ga napuste zato sto je potpuno nadvladala NATO-ova politika uopste, a posebno ona u vezi s bombardovanjem. Zapad se – s razlogom – suprotstavio jugoslovensko-srpskom nasilju na Kosovu. Time je aktivno pomogao albansko tvrdo-linijasko nasilje i krsenje medjunarodnih zakona. To se nastavlja i sad kad je NATO taj koji tamo “cuva mir”. I u politici i u vodecim medijima srpsko-jugoslovensko nasilje se smatra najtezim, onda dodje OVK-ovo pa tek onda NATO-ovo premda je od svih njih bas NATO pobio daleko najvise ljudi. Nasilje samo kao takvo ionako niko jos nije ni doveo u pitanje.

• Zapad podrzava ilegalni izvoz naoruzanja. Naoruzavanje OVK je moglo biti izvedeno jedino krsenjem embarga na uvoz oruzja koje su protiv svih delova bivse Jugoslavije zavele UN jos 1991. Koje su to mutne organizacije i koje obavestajne sluzbe, koje privatne i poluprivatne firme za trgovinu naoruzanjem ovo omogucile – to se jednostavno ne zna. A sta mislite, da li imamo sansu da i nekog od njih ugledamo na klupi u Hagu?

• Zapad podrzava teroriste. Zapad ne oseca nelagodnost zbog saveza s onim sto je pocetkom 1998. Ricard Gelbard nazvao teroristickom organizacijom, tj. sa OVK/KLA/UCK. Svoje vojne kapacitete oni su razvili uz pomoc oruzja, municije i obuke sa Zapada; politicki legitimitet dobili su u Rambujeu; tokom bombardovanja su sluzili kao NATO-ov saveznik na zemlji. Za to vreme Zapad je odbijao saradnju s legalno izabranim jugoslovenskim rukovodstvom i sa dr Ibrahimom Rugovom, jedinim predstavnikom kosovskih Albanaca s politickim legitimitetom koji se ni danas ne usudjuje da se vrati na Kosovo.

• Zapad saradjuje s ratnim zlocincima. Zapad laka srca saradjuje s ratnim zlocincima – dok su mu potrebni. Predsednik Milosevic je danas optuzen za ratne zlocine. Ali optuznica pominje samo period od 1. januara ove godine. Ako bi ga optuzili i za period od 1991. to bi znacilo da je bio zlocinac i dok je bio partner Zapada, npr. u Dejtonu 1995. Tada bi se ljudi zapitali: zasto ne optuziti i Izetbegovica i Tudjmana?

Zanimljivo je koliko su se svetski mediji vise bavili njegovom optuznicom nego optuznicama protiv lidera NATO zemalja.

• Nije priznata jednakost ljudskih bica u patnji i pravima. Jednostavan eticki princip glasi: priznati patnju i prava SVIH strana u sukobu. Ovaj princip nije primenjivan od strane onih koji su vodili ovu “humanitarnu intervenciju”.

• Mi govorimo istinu, pa ne bas… Zapad kaze da ne moze da veruje Milosevicu. Tacno – ali Zapad je podrzavao autoritarne rezime u Zagrebu, Sarajevu i Albaniji. Pre raspada Jugoslavije Dzejms Bejker je govorio da je ona suverena drzava – nekoliko meseci kasnije Zapad priznaje Sloveniju i Hrvatsku. Zapad podrzava multietnicke drzave ali je pomogao da Hrvatska, dva dela Bosne i Kosovo izadju iz krize manje multietnicki nego pre 1991. Gelbard je OVK nazvao teroristickom organizacijom – potom je SAD podrzava. Holbruk je pregovarao o civilnoj misiji OEBS-a u kojoj je 70% imalo vojnu pozadinu. NATO se u medjuvremenu rasporedjuje po Makedoniji. Ako Zapad nema razloga da veruje Milosevicu – ima li Milosevic razloga da veruje Zapadu?

• Nedostatak srazmere. Klinton je rekao da bi “oklevanje bilo dozvola za ubijanje.” Posle toga NATO ubija 50 puta vise nevinih ljudi u Srbiji i to naziva “kolateralnom stetom” – a mediji ostaju mirni.

“Ja ne mislim da je sve sto je NATO uradio moralno ispravno. Ali zar smo zaista zaustavili neopisiva zverstva? Danas svakog dana umire izmedju 60.000 i 80.000 ljudi jer medjunarodna zajednica nije obezbedila cistu vodu, stanovanje, lekove i osnovna sredstva za prezivljavanje. Pogledajte UNDP izvestaje. Svet postaje sve manje human. Kada ce se svetski lideri posvetiti stvarnim humanitarnim problemima s istom energijom koju su pokazali u ovoj od NATO-a iskonstruisanoj krizi?” pita se Jan Oberg.

© TFF 1999

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