PressInfo #139 – Gode nyheder: Jugoslaviens Sandheds – og Forsoningkommission

Mindst 3 nylige eksempler på gode nyheder fra Balkan er passeret næsten ubemærket.

– Jugoslavien har fået en Kommission for Sandhed og Forsoning.

– Dr. Ibrahim Rugova’s og LDK’s valgsejr åbner nye muligheder for forsoning i Kosovo/a

– Ikke-vold har vist sig at være stærkere end politiundertrykkelse og autoritært styre i Serbien og stærkere end den ekstremistiske vold, der udøves af Kosovas Befrielseshær (KLA/UCK) i Kosovo.

I modsætning til vold og krig så trænger ikke-vold og muligheder for forsoning ikke igennem til overskrifterne. Ja faktisk trænger de slet ikke igennem i medierne overhovedet. Destruktive nyheder fremmer pessimismen og en følelse af magtesløshed. Konstruktive eller gode nyheder fremmer det modsatte og signalerer, at freden trods alt kan have en chance. For at sige det kort, de der har magten, såvel som de magt-loyale medier, foretrækker det første fremfor det sidste.

Disse tre nyheder indeholder noget vigtigt, som burde foranledige en bredt baseret, demokratisk og multietnisk debat om hvilken lære det internationale samfund skal drage af sin konflikthåndtering på Balkan siden 1991.

Desværre er der endnu ikke en sådan debat.

TFF PressInfo 139, 140 og 141 vil handle om hver af disse nyheder. PressInfo 142 vil handle om, hvorfor forsoning i Kosovo er absolut nødvendig.

Nogle få ord om forsoning og tilgivelse.

Et hvert håb om fred på Balkan, såvelsom i et hvert andet krigsplaget område, hviler på de lokale parters villighed til at række hånden frem og åbent tale om, hvad der skete og hvorfor. Forsoning handler ikke om at glemme. Det handler om at lære at leve med kendsgerningerne, mindet og smerten. Den kræver to eller flere mennesker og den kan ikke fremskaffes af hverken lån eller kreditter, genopbygning af huse eller af folk i uniform endsige løfter om fremtidig optagelse i internationale organisationer.

Genopbygning af sjæle er “blød”. Den tager meget længere tid end andre typer af efterkrigstids-genopbygning. Vi har ingen internationale “hære” eller grupper af eksperter eller specialiserede humanitære hjælpere stående parat til det.

Den anden dybt menneskelige dimension af lægningen efter en krig er tilgivelse. Det er grundlæggende et ensidigt initiativ. Jeg beslutter at tilgive en som har dræbt mine kære eller på anden måde forvoldt mig smerte, fordi jeg bevidst ønsker at befri mig selv fra det altopslugende had; jeg afstår fra “retten” til eller ønsket om gengældelse eller hævn. Derved signalerer jeg, at jeg siger “nej” til disse udveje og gerne ser andre gøre det samme. Vi kan vælge at tilgive til fordel for vort eget sunde liv i fremtiden eller fordi vi forstår, at det vil hjælpe fremtidige generationer til at leve sammen med tolerance og respekt.

Disse processer er dybt individuelle og berører det inderste i vor menneskelighed. Men de er også centrale politiske processer. De kan fremmes af regeringer, partiledere, kunstnere og videnskabsmænd, mediefolk og NGOer – eller de kan ignoreres eller betragtes som helt kun private anliggender. Regeringer, der fører krig og tror på “Realpolitik,” viser sjældent blot den mindste forståelse eller interesse for disse processer. Andre aktører må bringe forsoning og socio-psykologisk helbredelse op på det internationale samfunds dagsorden.

Sandheds- og forsoningskommissioner er også et vigtigt redskab for os alle for at forstå konflikters og voldens dynamik og derudfra lære hvordan de kan undgås eller reduceres i fremtiden. Kort sagt, de er muligheder for at lære i dag og for at udføre voldsforebyggende diplomati i morgen.

Krigsforbrydertribunaler og andre juridiske mekanismer har en rolle at spille. Men de må holdes adskilt fra forsonings- og tilgivelsesprocesser. De kan ikke skabe den kollektive historiske sandhed, eller sandheder, om komplekse, langstrakte konflikter og krige.

De menneskelige dimensioner af konflikter og vold forbliver de vigtigste. Den kendsgerning, at den psyko-sociale lægning blev fejet ind under gulvtæppet i Titos Jugoslavien efter 1945 var en meget vigtig årsag til konflikterne i 1970erne og 1980erne.

Desværre er de psykologiske dimensioner dem man forstår mindst af og diskuterer mindst. I almindelighed er konklikthåndtering og (debatten om den) domineret af militære, geopolitiske, økonomiske, juridiske og forfatningsmæssige dimensioner. Menneskene kommer til sidst. Det er måske også forklaringen på, hvorfor de 3 gode nyheder, der omtales nærmere nedenfor, typisk forbigås i tavshed.

Jugoslaviens kommission for sandhed og forsoning

Kommissionen er nedsat på initiativ af forbundspræsident Vojeslav Kostunica. Den skal opmuntre og organisere forskning om:

a) de grundlæggende årsager til det politiske, økonomiske, sociale og moralske forfald i Den Socialistiske Føderale Republik Jugoslavien;

b) krige og andre konflikter i eks-Jugoslavien, der førte til et stort antal ofre, etnisk udrensning, flygtningestrømme, økonomisk ødelæggelse, ødelæggelse af kultur og mindesmærker, fremkomsten af autoritære regimer, landets internationale isolering og en stadig stigende kriminalitet i samfundet;

c) menneskerettighedskrænkelser og brud på de internationale humanitære og krigstids love.

Kommissionen er autonom, dens medlemmer er uafhængige og arbejder gratis. I henhold til kommissoriet, skal kommissionen arbejde offentligt og dens arbejde skal lede til “forsoning indenfor den Føderale Republik Jugoslavien, mellem landet og nabofolk og -stater og det internationale samfund”. Den vurderer en dialog med det internationale samfund, herunder Haag-tribunalet som “et påtrængende behov og en af dens væsentligste opgaver”. Alt i henhold til kommissoriet.

Kommissionen har brug for en generøs international pengestøtte uden betingelser såvelsom for en positiv respons fra Jugoslaviens naboer.

Den har også behov for hjemlig støtte; netop nu mødes den af en del modstand fra 3 grupper: a) dem der taler for en total underkastelse under Vestens krav om at taberen skal straffes, b) de der foretrækker juridiske processer fremfor socio-psykologisk heling og endelig c) de der har en nationalistisk eller pro-Milosevic holdning og som er imod enhver undersøgelse af grusomheder begået af serbere.

I det herskende politiske klima ville det have været mærkeligt hvis ikke kommissionen allerede var blevet et kort i forskellige magt- og personkonflikter. Imidlertid forekommer det mig, at de der er imod kommissionen ikke helt har forstået, hvad der karakteriserer en forsonings- og sandhedskommission og hvori den adskiller sig fra juridiske processer. De overser også hvilke potentielt nyskabende konsekvenser kommissionen kunne have, hvis den blev en succes. Eller de bruger simpelthen kommissionen som en brik i et andet spil.

For at komme over denne indre modstand bør det internationale samfund udtrykke sin faste støtte for præsident Kostunicas modige initiativ. Når det kommer til stykket har det internationale samfund generelt betragtet Serbien/Jugoslavien og tidligere præsident Milosevic, som den der stod bag alle forbrydelser og var hovedårsagen til konflikterne og krigene. Hvad vil så være mere rimeligt end at støtte eftersøgningen af sandhed og forsoning, netop fordi det kommer fra den nye jugoslaviske ledelse? Vi venter stadig på tilsvarende modige initiativer fra andre Balkan-regeringer og andre konflikt regioner.

Jeg håber ikke at det internationale samfund, EU og USA i særdeleshed, skulle være lunken overfor eller direkte imod et sådant historisk forsoningsinitiativ, selvom det så også skulle komme til at afsløre nogle mindre positive sider af EUs og USAs politik under processen. Det er indlysende, at Jugoslaviens Sandheds- og Forsoningskommission fortjener både international politisk og moralsk støtte, såvelsom finansiering uden betingelser.

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