Syrien – hvad kunne være gjort og hvad kan stadig gøres?

– Eller: Sådan har vi svigtet Syrien

Publiceret 13 september 2013 på Ræson online

Af Jan Øberg, docent

Hvis det er fred, verden vil have, er det et ynkeligt spil vi har set, mener fredsforskeren Jan Øberg, medstifter og direktør for den Transnationale Stiftelse for Freds- og Fremtidsforskning i Lund – www.transnational.org

Gad vide hvor mange mislykkede krige vi endnu skal igennem før især politikere og medier opdager det indlysende faktum at der findes et temmeligt bredt spektrum af handlingsmuligheder mellem at gøre ingenting og at smadre et land når konflikter dukker op?

Det spektrum hedder konflikthåndtering og tilhører et fagområde der undervises i rundt om på verdens universiteter. Det kræver at FNs medlemsstater etablerer ”styrker” af uddannede konfliktanalytikere, facilitatorer, mæglere, områdeeksperter, forhandlere og forsoningsterapeuter, der kan rykke ud endnu hurtigere end de kan sende krydsermissiler og F-16 fly.

For at dette spektrum kan blive inddraget forudsættes endvidere at regeringer ikke direkte ønsker krig under foregivende af at have gode og ofte humanitære motiver hvor de i virkeligheden har rå interesser.

Med andre ord, man kan gøre noget ved den manifeste konfliktanalfabetisme, der først søger militære løsninger og – som en række danske politikere – hurtigt tilsidesætter folkeretten og FNs fornemste norm, nemlig den at fred skal skabes med fredelige midler og først når de alle har været prøvet og vist sig uden effekt kan man gribe til militære midler, vel at mærke i FN-regi.

Eller anderledes udtrykt: fred kan læres. Når nu de fleste mennesker i verden – også 98% af de civile i konfliktzoner der ikke griber til vold men er dens ofre – ønsker fred skulle man kunne tage demokratiet alvorligt og gøre en kraftanstrengelse for at mindske (ikke afskaffe) militæret, der globalt koster 1700 milliarder dollar eller 30 gange mere end alt FN gør – og i stedet øge konflikthåndteringen.

Eksemplet Syrien – gal diagnose og prognose

Verden har brug for konflikt-lægevidenskab: diagnose, prognose og behandling.

Diagnosen turde være nok så klar: Det handler om endog meget komplekse indre konflikter, den arabiske vår (oprindeligt) men det handler også om hele Mellemøsten og især hér om Vestens ønske om at holde Iran nede og Israel oppe. En diagnose, der fokuserer på én person eller elite som ”diktatoren” (i gåseøjne for det var han jo ikke førhen) el-Assad er amatørisme.

Det er også konfliktanalfabetisme at dele alle konflikter op i to parter. I Syrien med omegn er der sikkert 20-30 relevante konfliktparter. Den tredje fejl-diagnose er den medier som regel begår og dermed puffer til voldelige løsninger: fokus på volden (mest den ene sides) og ikke på de underliggende konflikter.

En gal diagnose leder til gal prognose. Man besluttede sig for at etablere Syriens Venner der tog parti for ”oppositionen” uden at vide hvad den bestod af. Dermed troede man at Syriens problemer kunne løses uden samtale med regimet.

Man pumpede, som sædvanlig, mængder af våben, ammunition og træning ind og det internationale ”samfund” (der de facto betyder nogle få vestlige regeringer) meddelte Kofi Annan, den mest fremragende mægler som opnåede en forhandlingsplan, at man ikke kunne hjælpe ham med de monitorer hans plan krævede. Havde han foreslået militært angreb så havde man givetvis kunnet få F-16 afsted på få dage.

Med andre ord, intet af det der er gjort udefra kan kaldes konflikthåndtering. Man har fra starten – bevidst eller fordi man ikke véd bedre – taget skridt, der kun kunne lede til optrapning, stadig højere tabstal og flygtningestrømme. Til Assad sendte man signalet at han ikke havde en fremtid i Syrien og måske ikke i live; det kunne kun galvanisere ham. Til oppositionen sagde man: ”Vi er med Jer. Jeres kamp skal ikke være ikkevoldelig, her har I våben. Det er OK at I nægter at deltage i forhandlinger.” Dette uanset at oppositionen omfatter elementer af al-Qaeda som vi ellers har bekæmpet i (blind) solidaritet med USA i 12 år.

De eneste vi ikke gjorde noget for var de dér 98% civile i Syrien; deres lidelser fra såvel regimets som oppositions vold blev bare værre. Men – When will we ever learn?

Det var altså det gamle krigsparadigme, der endnu engang dominerede. Obama zigzaggede sig ind i et hjørne hvorfra han ikke finder nogen god udvej og John Kerry talte patetisk om ”vort München-øjeblik”. Sådan er det gået før når magtmænds følelser krydret med ”gruppetænkning” og medieskuespil sætter rationel kundskabsbaseret politik i skammekrogen. Mindst to danske kvinder – statsministeren og udenrigspolitisk nævns leder – fulgte dette mandlige spor.

Syrien – behandling

Hér et dusin idéer: Man kunne have foretaget factfinding, sendt delegationer af Nobels fredsprismodtagere og andre helt upartiske for at finde løsninger; høringer med alle syriske parter i Europa-parlamentet og FNs generalforsamling – hvad er Jeres frygt, hvad ønsker I, hvad står i vejen, hvordan kan vi bedst hjælpe Jer alle?

Man kunne have brugt uformelt diplomati uden for mediers rampelys; understøttet Kofi Annan i stedet for at tvinge ham til at træde tilbage. Afstået fra at pumpe våben ind til alle sider. Afstået fra at tage stilling – i hvert så ensidigt – for en massemyrdende opposition.

Man kunne faktisk have talt med Assad og Co – England mente jo så sendt som 2010 at han var OK da man solgte kemiske midler til ham. Den internationale krigsforbryderdomstol kunne have været brugt. 

Og naturligvis skulle man have indset at der ikke findes nogen løsning uden at Iran og Rusland spiller hjælper til. Putins artikel i New York Times 12 september var et bevis herfor.

For en løsning er fremtiden vigtigere end fortiden. Vi kunne have haft dialoger på alle niveauer med mange og forskellige parter om den ønskeværdige fremtid for alle. Mellemøsten må blive den zone fri for masseødelæggende våben, der allerede er bestemt og hér slipper Israel ikke udenom.

For nu at blive i lægesproget: Patienten er faktisk ved at dø på operationsbordet. Når Syrien er hvor det er i dag skyldes det at det er en meget svær konflikt i en ekstremt konflikttæt region men mindst lige så meget fordi enhver form for fornuftig konflikthåndtering udeblev.

De kemiske våben



Det russiske forslag om afvæbning af alle siders kemiske våben er godt men megasvært at realisere på jorden. Det vil kræve mindst 5.000 robuste FN-soldater fra lande der ikke har interesser på nogen side eller i noget resultat. De skal gøre hvad FN gjorde i Østre Slavonien: lade folk frivilligt indlevere sine våben til opsamlingspladser og banke dem til det, der ikke vil. Derefter lægges de i depoter som kun FN har nøgler til.

Hvis medlemsstaterne ønsker at give FN og folkeretten en slags oprettelse efter årtiers underminering af organisationen – den fineste menneskeheden har – så kan det lade sig gøre. Men det er relativt få der er blevet dræbt af kemiske våben.

Hvis afvæbningen lykkes vil alle den oprindelige konflikts dimensioner dog stå tilbage. Og de kan kun finde en løsning når krigens paradigme erstattes af konflikthåndteringens. Derfor er der grund til at være pessimist på kort sig men måske lidt optimistisk på det længere sigt.

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