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Den turkiske författaren Orhan Pamuk dras har blivit en bricka i spelet om Turkiets medlemskap i den europeiska gemenskapen. På Bokmässan i Göteborg drog han stora skaror med anledning av romanen “Snö”. Sören Sommelius har träffat honom över en kopp te.

Fundamentalister och nationalister med olika förtecken intrigerar, liksom marxister och ex-marxister. Dödande skott avlossas på teatern under staden Kars första direktsända TV-föreställning. Snön faller oavbrutet. Staden är isolerad från omvärlden och varje kapitel i boken inleds med snöflingor.

Orhan Pamuk skapar ett mikrokosmos, ett Turkiet i miniatyr, i den östliga utposten Kars i sin roman “Snö”, som i höst kommit på svenska (Norstedts, översättning Inger Johansson).

Kars är periferi i Turkiet på samma sätt som Istanbul är periferi i Europa.

– Det är en underlig känsla att bo “vid kanten”, säger Orhan Pamuk när jag får en intervjustund med honom under bokmässan i Göteborg. Vi sitter i kanten av mässan på en svårfunnen plats utan brus från alla mässgolvets marknadsutropare.

– Jag pratar fort, säger han, och det är ett understatement. Har du bandspelare?

Pamuks böcker är stora läsupplevelser. Författaren själv är briljant, snabb i repliken, bitande vass ibland.

Vi talar om städer och särskilt om Orhan Pamuks eget Istanbul. En gång var platsen huvudstad i det osmansk/turkiska välde, som långa tider sträckte sig nära nog till Wien i Österrike.

– När Flaubert besökte Istanbul vid mitten av 1800-talet förutspådde han att den inom ett sekel skulle vara världens huvudstad. Så blev det inte.

Det osmanska väldet störtade samman. Och när Orhan Pamuk föddes i Istanbul 1952 var staden fattigare och mera sliten än någonsin under sin tvåtusenåriga historia. I sin senaste bok “Istanbul. Memories of a City” (utgiven i år, på svenska nästa år) skriver Pamuk:

“För mig har den alltid varit en stad av ruiner och melankoli efter imperiets undergång. Jag har under mitt liv antingen kämpat mot denna melankoli eller (som alla Istanbulbor) gjort den till min egen. … Jag har accepterat den stad där jag föddes på samma sätt som jag accepterat min kropp.”

– När jag växte upp i Istanbul var det Ingenstans huvudstad, ler Orhan Pamuk, med en underton av det slags melankoli som på turkiska kallas hüzün.

Hüzün är “inte en ensam persons melankoli utan de svarta känslor som delas av en hel stad”, skriver Orhan Pamuk i sin Istanbulbok. Med en annan färg skulle hüzün kanske kunna kallas Istanbuls blue mood, Istanbul blues.

Istanbul liknar Dublin i Irland däri att båda är städer i den europeiska periferin. När Orhan Pamuk skrev sin “Den svarta boken” var en inspirationskälla just James Joyces Dublinskildring “Odysseus”. Joyce skrev gata för gata om sitt Dublin betraktat på avstånd, från Trieste och Paris. Orhan Pamuk har inte flytt sin stad som Joyce utan blivit den trogen. Han bor i samma hus där han föddes.

– Men “Den svarta boken” skrevs på distans, under en vistelse i New York. Ändå är jag lojal mot stadens gator …* * *

Vi dricker te. Jag undrar varför Orhan Pamuks boktitlar så ofta innehåller färger.

– Färgerna är inte symboler utan just färger. Jag är mycket upptagen av färger. När jag ser tekoppen på bordet tänker jag “vit kopp, med brunt te”.

Länge ville du bli målare, säger jag, för det finns berättat i Istanbulboken.

– I mitt skrivande är jag visuell, för mig är visuella detaljer viktiga. Det var de inte för Dostojevskij, men väl för Tolstoj.

När Orhan Pamuk var 16 – 17 år gammal gick han längs Istanbuls gator med sin kamera och fotograferade. Många av de bilderna finns med i Istanbulboken, som visuella minnesnoteringar.

– Det var på 60-talet. Jag målade som Utrillo och använde fotografierna som förlagor.

Men så blev skrivandet viktigare. Varför blev du författare, undrar jag?

– Det är just det som “Istanbul. Memoires of a City” handlar om. Boken är till hälften en essä om Istanbuls urbana landskap och till den andra hälften en krönika om mitt liv fram tills jag är 23 år gammal med fokus på min önskan att bli målare.* * *

Turkiet är ett land mellan öst och väst. Men det ottomanska väldets europeiska rötter och Kemal Atatürks sekulariserade statsbygge har skapat en europeisk tillhörighet som ställs på sin spets dessa oktoberdagar, när Turkiet slutligen inviteras av EU att inleda förhandlingar med sikte på ett medlemskap om tio eller kanske femton år. Vi träffas en dag innan beslutet fattas.

– Turkiet har under sekler levt i strider och krig. EU kom till som ett fredsprojekt med Frankrike och Tyskland som viktiga aktörer. För mig är hjärtat i EU just fred. Därför hoppas jag att Turkiet till slut får börja knacka på EU:s dörr.

En process mot ett turkiskt EU-medlemskap kommer också att fokusera på frågor som mänskliga rättigheter och yttrandefrihet. Orhan Pamuk hotas nu av åtal i sitt hemland för att han i en schweizisk tidning kommenterat det turkiska folkmordet i Armenien för hundra år sedan. En svensk stödkommitté för Pamuk har bildats med namn som Kurdo Bakshi, Arne Ruth, Kerstin Ekman, P C Jersild och Majgull Axelsson. Det har hetat att Orhan Pamuks situation påminner om Salman Rushdies.

– Många turkiska författare har haft stora problem med myndigheterna. Min situation är helt annorlunda. Jag menar att rättegången mot mig inte ska dramatiseras.

Rättegången hålls i december. Den kan förstås ses som ett politiskt inslag i debatten för och emot EU-medlemskap. Skulle Pamuk trots allt fällas blir det pinsamt för Turkiet och en framgång för landets EU-motståndare. Frias han kan det innebära att mörka inslag i landets historia för första gången kan diskuteras öppet.

– Som ung författare hade jag bestämt mig för att inte skriva politiskt. Så många andra gjorde det och la ner stor energi på att tjäna sitt land politiskt. Jag höll länge mitt löfte. Trots det uppfattas många av mina tidiga böcker i väst som politiska. Jag har så många ämnen, så många romanprojekt som väntat länge på att bli skrivna, i sju år, i tio år. De är inte politiska. Men “Snö” är en politisk roman, min första och sista.

Huvudpersonen i “Snö” heter Ka och är författare och journalist. Han reser till den avlägsna staden Kars för att skriva om den självmordsepidemi som uppstått bland unga beslöjade kvinnor. På liknande sätt reste Orhan Pamuk själv till Kars för att få material till sin roman.

– Liksom min huvudperson reste jag till Kars för att få material. De första 150 sidorna i boken är realistiskt skrivna. Den isolerade staden är en scen för politiska krafter.

Snön faller oavbrutet, den vita snön, också på boksidorna. När jag läser “Snö” sugs jag in i berättelsen, jag blir insnöad i texten och drabbas av Orhan Pamuks förmåga att beskriva de som inte är som han, att förstå “de andra”, flickorna som tar på sig slöja, islamisterna. I en intervju skriven av Nathan Shachar i tidskriften Axess senaste nummer säger Pamuk: “Min utmaning var att identifiera mig med de andra, de som inte tillhör min lilla stam … Jag ville undersöka vad, om alls något, som håller samman vår nation.”* * *

Orhan Pamuk tittar på klockan. Tiden är ute. Jag tar några snabba porträttfotografier innan han skyndar ut i ett snölöst sensommarsoligt Göteborg för ett privat möte med en släkting som han inte träffat på tjugo år. Senare på dagen går hans plan tillbaka till Istanbul efter några intensiva dagar på bokmässan, där intresset för hans person och författarskap fyllt seminariesalarna, också därför att han återkommande nämns som nobelpriskandidat.

Sören Sommelius

sosommelius@hd.se 

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