Milliardbataljonen: Är Sveriges satsning i Kosovo genomtänkt?

Christian Hårleman
F.d. överstelöjtnant, f.d chef utbildningsavd. för fredsbevarande operationer i FN, rådgivare till Institute of World Affairs, Washington D.C e-mail: ch.harleman@crido.pp.se

Jan Øberg
Fil.dr., Direktör för Transnationella Stiftelsen för Freds- och framtidsforskning, TFF, i Lund
e-mail: tff@transnational.live

Sverige håller på att installera ungefär 850 soldater i Kosovo som ska delta i KFOR, den militära styrka om 45.000 soldater med tung utrustning, som kom på plats i kölvattnet på NATO:s krig mot Jugoslavien under våren.

Som väntat och efter långa och noggranna förberedelser är styrkan både välutbildad och välutrustad: toppmodern utrustning och ungefär 140 olika fordon – allt från stridsvagnssläp, arbetsfordon och lastbilar till pansarbandvagnar, pansarskyttefordon och pansrade ledningsfordon.

Kostnaden uppges vara 900 miljoner kronor. Detta är den största enskilda satsning vår regering gör för att bidra till en lösning av de svåra problemen i och kring Kosovo. I jämförelse har Sverige avsatt 84 miljoner kronor år 1999 och 2000 för civila insatser inom FN:s UNMIK-mission i Kosovo och 170 miljoner till humanitära insatser. Men bortsett från en effektiv uppbyggnad, väl genomförd nertransport med åtföljande gruppering finns onekligen ett antal frågetecken.

Varför fler soldater till Kosovo? Den som nyligen besökt området vet att vägarna är blockerade av militär materiel och att det knappt går att sätta ned foten utan att trampa på en känga. Styrkan som först var 4.000 man i beredskap i Makedonien har vuxit över tid – under Rambouilletmöten talades om 28.000 man. 45.000 kunde möjligen vara befogad i ett multi-etniskt Kosovo, men då området i dag är så gott som rensat från icke-albaner bör KFOR:s uppgifter snart kunna lösas med en mycket mindre styrka. Det Kosovo, försvarsmakten har planerat utifrån, finns inte längre.

Vad blir då den svenska bataljonens uppgift? Förutom att medverka till ett förbättrat säkerhetsläge skall den enligt bataljonschefen Överste Fleming Christensen medverka i det humanitära hjälparbetet. I och för sig är det en lovvärd inriktning men måste dock ses mot bakgrund av det uttalande chefen för FNs flyktingkommissariat (UNHCR) nyligen gjorda, nämligen att den starka militära närvaron i Kosovo klart underminerar de olika hjälporganisationernas arbete samt att uppgifter till militära förband inte får ersätta humanitära mandat givna till internationella hjälporganisationer. Den militär/civila prioriteringen i Sveriges insats är i det ljuset i sanning befängd.

Under pukor och trumpeter annonserades för ett par år sedan tillkomsten av ett svenskt snabbinsatsförband (Swerap) för tänkt verksamhet utomlands. Sammansättningen och dess beredskap skulle ge Sverige möjlighet att inom 2-4 veckor efter Regeringsbeslut operativt kunna deltaga i en fredsbevarande (eller motsvarande) operation. Även om Kosovobataljonen till vissa delar utgörs av personal från detta förband så har denna beredskap inte till någon del utnyttjats. Varför?

Troligen därför att förbandssammansättningen ej motsvarade de krav som Förvarsmakten ansåg nödvändigt för en Kosovo operation. Men om nu detta var fallet ställer man sig osökt frågan om Swerap överhuvudtaget har ett berättigande om förbandet vid dess första test inte anses hålla måttet. Ett förband av den styrka och sammansättning som Kosovobataljonenen nu utgör berör ytterst tre krigsförband i Sverige: ett under uppsättning och utbildning, ett förband under verksamhet i Kosovo samt ett vad gäller reorganisation efter hemkomsten. Med ett framtida försvar om 4 armébrigader om tre fältbataljoner vardera kan således nästan 25% av dessa vara uppbundna i Kosovo eller framtida liknande operationer.

Visdomen av detta och vad som menas med att “förvarsmakten skall utveckla och vidmakthålla förband och personal för att kunna ställa dessa till förfogande för internationella uppdrag och insatser som stöd för svensk utrikes- och säkerhetspolitik” borde närmare analyseras och bättre definieras. Frågorna om omfattning och verksamhet – och om timing – vad avser svenskt internationellt engagemang i fredsbevarande (motsvarande) operationer bör klarläggas.

Dessutom försenades förberedelsearbetet avsevärt till viss mån beroende på utdragna diskussioner om finansieringen men också på grund av Överbefälhavarens beslut att ej samordna verksamheten med den finska förvarsmakten; Sverige skulle ensamt organisera och finansiera denna komplicerade förbandstyp. Således både försinkades och komplicerades förberedelserna avsevärt och i stället för ett lättmobiliserat förband och relativt kostnadseffektivt erhölls motsatsen.

Slutligen, i utredningar och skrifter, senast UD:s “Preventing Violent Conflict” som är en svensk handlingsplan för konflikthantering, markeras en svensk säkerhetspolitisk nyprofilering, där regeringen och utrikesministern förespråkar tidigt förebyggande av våld och, så långt det går, användandet av fredliga medel till att lösa konflikter, skapa säkerhet och hjälpa stridande parter att åter försonas efter krig. Är Kosovo-insatsen överhuvudtaget i linje med detta?

I vad mån tjänar den militära insatsen och proportionerna mellan civilt och militärt den långsiktiga fred och utveckling i området? Baseras Sveriges politik i området enbart på en behovsanalys eller tillika på en sorts internationell positionering i förhållande till t.ex. NATO och EU?

Avsaknaden av ett institutionellt tänkande och operativa konsekvensanalyser sett ur det humanitärpolitiska perspektivet är en brist inom försvarsmakten och kan leda till att Sverige framgent beslutar om operationer vilka genom att vara på “fel plats, vid fel tid och med felaktig utrustning” kan allvarligt skada svensk försvars- och utrikespolitik och än värre leda till svåra konsekvenser för den grupp människor vi är satta att hjälpa.


11 oktober 1999

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