Av Gunnar Westberg

Marshallöarnas utrikesminister Tony de Brum berättade vid den pågående förberedelsekommitténs möte (Prep Com) i FNs-högkvarter i New York, den 28 april till 9 maj 2014 om avtalet mot kärnvapen, NPT, i New York, om sina upplevelser av kärnvapenprov:

Jag har varit vittne till kärnvapenexplosioner och mina minnen från Lipiep-atollen i norra Marshallöarna är starka. Jag bodde där som pojke under de 12 åren som kärnvapenproven pågick. Jag minns det bländande vita ljuset från Bravo-sprängningen på Bikini-atollen år 1954, tusen gånger starkare än den över Hiroshima.

Marshallöarna utsattes för 67 kärnvapenprov mellan 1946 och 1958, motsvarande 1,6 Hiroshima-sprängningar varje dag I tolv år. Följderna finns kvar hos oss som en börda som ingen nation, ingen befolkning, skulle behöva bära.

Marshallöarna förvaltades vid tiden för kärnvapensprängningarna av USA under FN-mandat. Nu är landet självständigt med namnet Republiken Marshallöarna, som omfattar ett stort antal öar med en befolkning av totalt endast 60 000 personer. Landet ar ett avtal med USA som bl a innebär att USA står för försvar och vissa sociala tjänster.

Marshallöarna tar nu strid för att inget land i världen skall utsättas för kärnvapen, inte testsprängningar men framför allt inte kärnvapenkrig. Kärnvapnen måste avskaffas. Man tar sin och mänsklighetens sak till den Internationella domstolen I Haag.

Enligt NPT förbinder sig kärnvapenmakterna att förhandla om, och slutföra förhandlingar om, att avskaffa alla sina kärnvapen. Detta avtal skrev man under 1970. I ett beslut av Haag-domstolen 1996 ålades kärnvapenmakterna att skyndsamt genomföra dessa förhandlingar. Kärnvapenmakterna har sedan dess kraftigt minskat sina kärnvapenarsenaler, men ännu inte inlett några förhandlingar om kärnvapnens avskaffande, och man ger klart besked om att det tänker man inte heller göra, inom överskådlig tid.

Marshallöarna har starka argument. Utan tvekan bryter de fem “gamla” kärnvapenmakterna, USA, Ryssland, Frankrike, Kina och Storbritannien mot ingångna avtal. Haag-domstolen skrev dessutom i sitt beslut 1996 att kravet på att förhandla om kärnvapnens avskaffande var en följd av internationell och humanitär lag. Därför riktar sig Marshallöarnas anmälan även mot de “icke officiella kärnvapenmakterna” som inte är med i NPT, alltså Indien, Pakistan, Israel och Nordkorea.

Av dessa nio kärnvapenstater är det bara Storbritannien, Indien och Pakistan som i sin egen lagstiftning förbundit sig att åtlyda den internationella domstolens utslag. Några andra stater skrev aldrig på avtalet om Haagdomstolen, medan USA lämnade överenskommelsen sedan domstolen gått emot USA i en tvist med Nicaragua.

Domstolen är likväl och för alla stater den högsta instansen för att tolka internationell rätt, antingen man bryr sig om dess utslag – eller internationell rätt överhuvudtaget – eller inte. De tre länder som lovat åtlyda domstolen får det naturligtvis mest besvärligt, medan de övriga får finna sig i att placeras bland de laglösa, “rogue states”, om de vägrar att ta domstolens krav på skyndsamma förhandlingar på allvar.

USA kommer troligen att lägga stor kraft på att tvinga Marshallöarna att dra tillbaka sin anmälan. Det lilla öriket är mycket beroende av USA. Därför vore det av stort värde om flera regeringar förenar sig med Marshallöarna i denna hänvändelse. Då blir det svårt att stoppa processen och då kan utslaget få stor betydelse.

Den socialdemokratiska oppositionen I Nya Zealand har redan krävt att regeringen skall göra gemensam sak med Marshallöarna. Oppositionen iden svenska riksdagen bör göra likadant.

Visserligen kommer inte Carl Bildt, som anser att kärnvapennedrustning är kärnvapenstaternas ensak, inte att bry sig, men efter ett möjligt regeringsskifte i höst kan Sverige åter träda fram som ett land som vill arbeta för en kärnvapenfri värld.

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