Kalejdoskop 63 – Udenrigsministeriet bør offentliggøre Rambouillet-dokumenterne

Når Jugoslavien og dets Kosovo-provins i disse uger bombes er det en unik og skæbnesvanger begivenhed i Europas og i international historie. Danmark og mange andre lande er i krig. De menneskelige lidelser og den skabte humanitære katastrofes omfang motiverer ekstraordinære indsatser. Vi oplever nu Balkan-dramaets 8. akt.

Akt 1 – Konfliktens økonomiske rødder. Vi begynder i 1970-ernes og 1980ernes forandringer i den globale kapitalisme, der ledte til at de industrigrene, som Jugoslavien byggede sin velfærd på – såsom elektronik, tekstiler, skibsbygning, biler og våben – flyttes til lavtlønslande i Asien. Det skete efter oliekrisen og stoppet for arbejdskraftindvandring i Europa, vigtigt fordi 15% af Jugoslaviens BNP kom derfra. Landets blandøkonomi og selvforvaltning-system bryder sammen.

Akt 2 – Indre, social krise og ydre økonomisk intervention. Nu følger social og økonomisk nedtur, afskedigelser overalt og tilpasning til Verdensbankens og Valutafondens krav. De sidstnævnte krævede en ophævelse af det etniske balancehensyn i Jugoslaviens finansinstitutioner og omfordelingsfond. Kløften mellem Slovenien og Kroatien på den ene side og Montenegro, Kosovo og Makedonien på den anden voksede til cirka 10:1. Trods de store nettobeløb til Kosovo-provinsen blev Serbien fattigere mens albanerne investerede en del penge i Makedonien. Inden tæppet går i denne akt græder millioner ved Tito’s begravelse.

Akt 3 – Kommunismens sammenbrud og traume-mobilisering. Når det går skidt skal nogen have skylden. Ubearbejdede traumer fra Anden Verdenskrig aktualiseres. Men den økonomiske og sociale nedtur fulgte nationalismens opgang. Gamle fortrædeligheder kunne mobiliseres. Hen imod slutningen af 3. Akt falder Sovjetunionen og kommunismen sammen. Jugoslavien var ganske vist alt andet end en traditionel kommunisme, men der opstår et politiskt vakuum, der – sammen med det øvrige sammenbruds centrifugale kræfter – slynger landet ud i en konstitutionel krise.

Selvdestruktionen med krig i Slovenien og Kroatien afslutter disse akter. Herefter tror verdenen at problemet ligger i parternes brug af vold. Og således gør ingen noget for at diagnosticere eller behandle de underliggende konflikter , som de har hobet sig op og som er årag til volden.

Akt 4 – Det internationale samfund på scenen. Efter de skadelige effekter af kapitalismens udvikling og kommunismens afvikling, bidrager man nu til at opløse landet i sine (formodede) bestandsdele. Etnisk rene stater skabes hvor der før var multietnicitet. Anerkendelsen af Kroatien og Slovenien i strid med alle europæiske principper etablerer tre mønstre i vestlige såkaldt konflikthåndtering: a) ignorering af kompleksiteter, b) psyko-kulturel fejlbedømmelse af hvorledes vore tiltag opfattes på Balkan og c) man tager skridt der ikke er en del af en længere sigtende plan. Hvad man skulle stille op med resten af Jugoslavien, vidste man ikke – så lidt som der nu er en fredsplan for Kosovo eller en idé om hvad man skal gribe til efter bombningerne.

Akt 5 – Bosnisk Ballade. Da alt hænger sammen med alt andet i dette drama, måtte Bosnien blive krigsskueplads med blandt andet glemte muslimsk-kroatiske og muslimsk-muslimske krige og en kroatisk ministat i Bosnien, som officielt ikke eksisterer, Herceg-Bosna. Vesten får en “fredsaftale” banket på plads i Dayton, der igen ikke gør noget ved konflikterne men lægger låg på volden. Man glemmer at spørge befolkningen hvilken fremtid den ønskede. Exit FN, NATO ind.

Aftalen tog tre år længere end der var brug for. Forskellen mellem de første planer og Dayton ligger begravet på Bosniens kirkegårde. Og Vesten gjorde sig afhængig af tre præsidenter, der alle – omend på forskellig måde – i samråd med hinanden havde skrevet sørgemusikken og selv dirigerede kapellet i orkestergraven. Det er også i denne akt, i maj 1995, Kroatien med USAs aktive bistand fordriver 300.000 legitime serbisk-kroatiske medborgere, der sammen med godt og vel ligeså mange til gav Serbien Europas største flygtningeproblem. Exit. Ingen har gjort noget for dem siden.

Akt 6 – Stilhed før Stormen. Kosovo var nummer ét på listen over advarsler om konflikter i verden, som ville slå over i krig hvis intet blev gjort. Vestverden der fra begyndelsen gik galt i byen uden diagnose, kører fra nu af friløb på to lige skæbnesvangre rygmarvsreaktioner: a) alt hvad serberne siger og gør er sludder og/eller forbryderisk og 2) derfor er alle andre OK. Det internationale samfund sagde at det vidste at regimet i Beograd skabte en politistat i Kosovo, hvilket var sandt. Det sagde ikke at det vidste at kosovo-albaner siden 1993 med vestlig hjælp opbyggede en befrielseshær, UCK eller KLA. Den dukker op i 1998, i næste akt.

Akt 7 – Krig i Kosovo. Fundamentalister på alle sider – også i det internationale samfund – fik rygvind. Exit moderate som Dr. Rugova og serbiske intellektuelle. USA og EU så albanerne som løftestang for deres helt personificerede konflikt med dramaets udpegede skurk, Milosevic. Albanerne så NATO som kombineret flyvevåben og fødselshjælper for et selvstændigt Kosova og – håber mange – Storalbanien. Omkring 2000 mennesker døde i kamphandlinger, godt 200.000 blev fordrevet fra deres hjem, cirka lige store andele af Kosovos serbiske og den albanske befolkning. Denne akt afsluttes med en aftale mellem Milosevic og Holbrooke i oktober om at jugoslaviske styrker skal trækkes tilbage og OSCE komme ind – derimod ikke at KLA/UCK skal ophøre med sin virksomhed. De erobrer derfor 30% af Kosovo. Bag ryggen på Milosevic opbygger NATO en styrke i Makedonien, officielt for at kunne beskytte OSCE.

Akt 8 – Rambouillet og NATO-krig. Den albanske og den jugoslaviske delegation mødes aldrig ansigt-til-ansigt i Paris, der er ingen forhandling. Den amerikanske ambassadør Hills dokument lægges på bordet og parterne får at vide at de skal undertegne det. Beograd siger ja til selvstyre for Kosovo, men albanerne siger nej fordi de ikke får en selvstændig stat. Der lægges derefter 50 sider til om at NATO skal implementere aftalen, være den højeste myndighed i Kosovo og have frit råderum i det øvrige Jugoslavien, inklusive ret til at bruge vold når det finder for godt. Så siger Beograd nej og KLA ja – de sidste også fordi der nu står at om tre år skal “folkets vilje” afgøre provinsens fremtidige status.

Hundreder af journalister, tusinder af eksperter, opinionsdanner og politiker opdager det ikke. De læser den ikke. Den er jo en “fredsaftale.”

Rambouillet-dokumenterne er et stykke europæisk historie. Det er med henvisning til dem, NATO er gået i krig. Intet vil mere grundlæggende præge Europas fremtid de næste mange år.

Derfor opfordrer jeg det danske udenrigsministerium – eller andet officielt organ – til at offentliggøre det første dokument som lagdes på bordet i Rambouillet, den forandrede tekst af 23. februar samt, for det tredje, den jugoslaviske regerings eget forslag til aftale. På dansk og helst også på engelsk, serbiskt, albansk, makedonsk.

Det vil give interesserede en mulighed for selv at bedømme på hvilket grundlag den nuværende krig mod Jugoslavien føres. Om det der udløste storkrig i Europå må der af mange grunde findes åbenhed – det eneste forsvar demokratiet har mod propganda, uvidenhed og mere vold.

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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