Kalejdoskop 57 – Volden i Kosovo – nederlag for alle

Kejserne i international politik siger gerne at visse mennesker kun forstår voldens sprog. Situationen i Kosovo sender en boomerang tilbage. Ingen aktør har foretaget en analyse, lagt en strategi eller foretaget sig noget som helst hverken før eller efter Jugoslaviens sammanbrud, der kunne have hjulpet serbere og albanere til at undgå dét forudsigelige, der nu med fortvivlende styrke ruller over skærmen.

De selvsamme kejsere gør altså først noget når en konflikt er gået i vold. Og vold var det eneste, der ikke må ske for en selvstændighedsbevægelse, der pragmatiskt-politisk bekender sig til ikkevold. Så meget om kærnen i modeord som voldsforebyggelse, preventiv diplomati, fredsbevarelse, OSCE’s konfliktforebyggelse, det ny NATO og europæisk sikkerhedsarkitektur og fælles udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik i EU. Så meget om den danske fejlslagne aktivistiske udenrigs- og forsvarspolitik i Irak og ligeså fejlslagne mangel på samme i Kosovo-spørgsmålet.
Disse kejsere kan ekspandere NATO og bygge nye atomvåben til ingen verdens nytte, det er udvendighed. Den jordnære Kosovo-konflikt derimod handler om psykologi og historie og kan ikke kan løses med potens, men kun med historisk fornemmelse og psykologisk indlevelse: stille diplomati, ikke udadvendthed.

Og SÅ fiser det sammen for USA, EU, Kontaktgruppen i London etc. Således afklædt til skindet søger kejserne at “gøre noget” – fordømmelse af vold (fra udenrigsministrene Albright og Cook efter deres egne voldstrusler mod Irak!). Der kommer belæringer om europæisk civiliserethed, fordømmelse af terror, trusler om udelukkelse, om sanktioner, visa-restriktioner, våbenembargo, militær intervention, krigsforbryderdomstol. Uden analyse véd kejserne allerede at løsningen er autonom status; de véd derimod ikke at provinsen idag kunne have begrænset autonomi og at albanerne ikke er tilfredse med selv den store autonomi, de havde 1974-1989. Kort sagt: én lang demonstration af intellektuel og moralsk magtesløshed. Intet af det vil bidrage til en løsning (1). Truslen om sanktioner er patetisk: det rammer folkene, inklusive albanerne, styrke Milosevic – og vil påføre mængder af handelspartnere miljardtab i dollars (som om Makedonien ikke har lidt nok hidtil)!

Kun Albanien stillet sig bag albanernes ultimative krav om en fuldstændigt selvstændig stat, Kosova. (2). Verden ønsker ingen kædereaktion i Baskerlandet, Norditalien, Belgien, Skotland, Nordirland. Statens integritet og overlevelse vejer tungere end normer og folkeretslige regler for selvbestemmelse. Og kan Vesten virkelig støtte Kosova når man véd hvor den har ladet hånt om Krajina i Kroatien? Beograd har dermed et hovedkort at spille, men har ikke formået at tage skridt til en løsning. Man hævder at det er et intern anliggende og skal løses uden indblanding udefra. Det har man sagt i 8 år – uden at kunne opvise andet end øget repression. Selv mener jeg at Dr. Rugova’s pragmatiske ikkevoldspolitik måtte være en lettere forhandlingspartner/modstander end en bevæbnet terrororganisation. Nu får Serbien og Jugoslavien meget mere ballade med det internationale samfund, som det er temmeligt afhængig af at holde sig på god fod med – end hvis man havde indledt forhandlinger eller reduceret undertrykkelsen. Iøvrigt klinger argumentet om ikke-indblanding hult. Jugoslavien vil gerne have alt fra det internationale samfund. Dets økonomi er sat 30 år tilbage, det har Europas største flygtningproblem, 650 000 ifølge FN. Det ønsker lån, krediter, handel, ophævelse af de ydre sanktioner og stræber efter re-integration i internatio-nale fora. Og krænker man menneskerettighederne som i Kosovo må regne med at få omverdenens øjne på sig.

For Kosovo-albanerne er det ligeledes et nederlag. Eet vigtig tog kørte dem forbi under premierminister Milan Panic’ korte era i 1992 hvor Panic selv, hans menneskerets-, justits- og undervisningsminister var oprigtigt opsatte på at forhandle. Jeg har som “konfliktlæge” mellem parterne på såvel regerings- som folkeligt niveau siden 1992 konstateret en kompakt albansk modstand mod at forhandle med Beograd – også når andre eller jeg selv bragte en konkret invitation fra præsident Milosevic. Tiden var, sagde man altid, ikke moden endnu. Hvad Prishtina håbede på var – i kraft av bl.a. George Bush’s interventions-løfter og det internationale samfunds anti-serbiske politik – at blive selvstændigt inden det ny Jugoslavien blev anerkendt. Siden håbede man på at indgå i Dayton-aftalen. Begge forhåbninger viste sig helt urealistiske – og derpå har Dr. Rugova og hans medarbejdere ikke kunnet samles om en ny, til realiteterne tilpasset, politik. Symbolpolitiken fortsatte, den interne splittelse blandt albanere voksede. På en mærkelig måde passer det Kosovo-albanene bedre at have en hård ledelse i Beograd end en blød – eftersom ét formål er at trække det internationale samfund ind. Deraf også den imponerende internationale diplomatiske offensiv og informationsvirksomhed. Dr. Rugova har rejst Europa og USA tyndt, er blevet modtaget af regeringer og parlament som om han allerede de facto og de jure var præsident – således også af udenrigsminister Helveg Petersen – samtidig med at ingen af værterne ville røre en repæsentant for Beograd med en ildtang. Således skabtes urealistiske forventninger externt, mens Rugova lovede sine 2 milioner statsborgere mere end han derfor kunne holde. Den selvudråbte stat er konkret nok med alternative skoler, sundheds-kliniker, skatter, udenrigsrepæsentationer, skyggeregering osv – men den fungerer ikke vis-a-vis Serbien. Ingen har fået det økonomiskt bedre. Ikkevoldspolitik forudsætter fleksibilitet så man kan beholde det diplomatiske initiativet.

Perspektiverne skræmmer. Selvom den åbne vold måske aftager er hadet og polariseringen vokset yderligere – og det var større end i Bosnien og Kroatien. Den unge albanske befolkning, der har levet med ballade og social misére de sidste over tyve år, er dybt frustrerede. Alligevel undergraves det ganske vist spinkle håb om at ikkevolds-linjen ville lede til en løsing af den omstændighed at kosovo-albanere (også i udlandet) ikke har taget klar afstand fra albansk terror. Kvinder i Sort og enkelte intellektuelle i Beograd har taget afstand fra den serbiske politivold. Er der noget godt ved hele denne tragedie? Måske, men prisen er høj, at vi endu en gang har fået bevist at vold leder bort fra løsninger og bare gør alting sværere. Men er der længere nogen der lytter? Kejserne har så meget magt at de ikke synes de behøver at lytte. Serberne og albanerne hører formodentlig kun deres egne stemmer om sig selv som ofre. Det internationale samfund kan kun hjælpe parterne, det kan ikke diktere dem noget. En stor hjælp ville det være hvis det for en gangs skyld kunne lytte, analysere og holde kæft. Kontaktgruppens møde mandag giver intet håb i den retning.

1) En serie mulige løsninger findes på Den Transnationale Stiftelses website /

2) Kosova er albanernes navn på provinsen og på den selvudråbte stat. På serbisk hedder området “Kosmet-Metohija.” Mindre politisk og mere internationalt er “Kosovo.”

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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