Kalejdoskop 56 – Menneskerettigheder og konfliktløsning

“Pligten er rettighedernes sande kilde.
Handling er pligten; frugten er rettigheden.”
Mohandas K. Gandhi, der døde for 50 år siden.

Forsvaret for de menneskelige rettigheder (MR) er i rivende udvikling. Nationale centre, folkelige bevægelser, kulturpersonligheder, tribunaler og domstole, medier, solidaritetsgrupper, FN og andre mellemstatslige organer kappes om at etablere fakta, overvåge og rapportere, behandle krænkelser og kræve handling og straf samt genemføre projekter, som skal forebygge overgrebene og hjælpe ofrene.

Dette er ubetinget godt. Der er til stadighed brug for vågne øjne overalt og for at befæste de normer, der er nedfældet i nationale og internationale aftaler og adskiller civilisation fra barbari. Det er også ukontroversielt idet man ikke kan være for MR-krænkelser.

MR-politik bør dog diskuteres. Det forblir problematisk at universalisere de hovedsagligt vestlige MR- normer på tværs af kulturelle skillelinjer. Kan og skal én kulturs norm være gældende globalt eller skal en kærne eller fællesnævner, vi alle kan være enige om, stå i centrum mens andre normer tillades at variere? Kort sagt, hvorfor skal kinesere acceptere alle vestlige MR-værdier, når europæere ikke drømmer om at acceptere kinesiske normer for hvad der er borgeres ret og pligt?

Forsvaret for menneskerettighederne vil have en tendens til at følge hvad der er politisk korrekt, fordi det er dér de økonomiske midler findes, som skal bære det konkrete arbejde. Således vil det altid være lettere at pege på naboens krænkelser end på ens egne og på fjenders snarere end på venners forbrydelser. Der ser ud til at være en specielt høj koncentration af moralister i MR-kredse, ikke mindst i USA.

Og hvilke menneskerettigheder bør først og fremmest forsvares? De millioner af mennesker, hvis sociale og økonomiske rettigheder rammes hårdt af globaliseringen under bl.a. Verdensbankens og Valutafondens overhøjhed er der ikke mange MR-organisationer, der er gået i brechen for – ejheller for de uskyldige civile, som ofte rammes af det masseødelæggende våben, der hedder sanktioner. Begivenhederne på den Himmelske Freds Plads i Beijing vejer tungere end de efter sigende 100 millioner migrerende kinesiske bønder, der lever kummerligt uden rettigheder i storbyerne formodentlig fordi MR når det kommer til stykket underordnes den kapitalistiske udvikling, der nu som altid før kræver sine ofre.

De mellem 50 000 og 100 000 mennesker rundt om på kloden, som dør unødvendigt hver dag af mangel på bl.a. rent vand, husly og klæder – henved 20 millioner per år – vækker i MR-kredse og medier mindre debat end f.eks. hr. Karadzic i Bosnien. Jurister er ofte individfikserede og dermed strukturblinde.

Arbejdsfordelingen er et andet problem. I en verden med stærkt begrænsede resourcer til “gode” og humane formål som MR, udføres meget dobbeltarbejde. På Balkan finder vi snesevis af lokale og internationale bevægelser for fred og MR, OSCE, EU, Europarådet, FNs civilpoliti, FNs Højkommissariat for MR, halvstatslige institutioner samt satelliter, der overvåger, rapporterer og behandler MR-problemer i de samme områder.

I MR-debat nævnes sjældent samspillet mellem MR og konflikter. Så godt som alle MR-krænkelser bunder i konflikter. Ægtefæller tæver hinanden fysiskt og psykiskt fordi de ikke har det godt med sig selv og hinanden. En statsleder eller regering, der ikke skammer sig over at forvolde tusindvis af mennesker lidelse eller sende dem på flugt, har det ikke godt med sig selv og sit “projekt” eller føler sig truet.

Forfulgte minoriteter fremstår ofte som uskyldige ofre, fordi mange af os spontant tager parti for den mindste. Det betyder dog ikke altid at alle majoriteter/ stater er kulsorte og minoriteter/løsrivere er kridhvide. Det er naturligt og politiskt korrekt at forsvare den krænkede, ofret. Det skal vi gøre. Og i tilfælde hvor det er soleklart hvem der er offer og bøddel i historiens og nuets perspektiv skal vi tillige fordømme de sidste.

Men de underliggende konflikter, der skaber MR-krænkelser, blir ikke løst ved at vi fordømmer A og udtrykker sympati med B. Fremgangsmåden må variere altefter om vi står over for en symmetrisk eller a-symmetrisk konflikt. Tag eksemplet Kosovo, som jeg selv har været involveret i på alle sider gennem fire år: de fleste MR-organisationer fordømmer entydigt Serbien/ Jugoslavien for sin voldsomme undertrykkelse af den albanske minoritet i Kosovo/a, hvis politiske ledelse anvender ikkevold. De giver uforbeholdent direkte eller indirekte støtte til minoritetens ønske om at blive en selvstændig stat. En del af dem har næppe anvendt megen tid på at tale med serbere i Beograd eller med serberne i Kosovo.

Jeg mener så afgjort at det er den jugoslaviske ledelse, der må tage det første skridt til forsoning i området. Men de som råber “politistat” eller “fascisme” efter Beograd tilfredsstiller i bedste fald kun moralistens overfladiske behov og politiske korrekthed. Man får ikke nogen MR-krænkende aktør til at lytte eller ændre politik ved at krænke dennes ret til at fremstille sagen fra sin side og blive lyttet til. Serberne har en række rimelige forklaringer på sin politik hvilket ikke automatisk indebærer at de har valgt adekvate eller acceptable midler, men de har også – eksakt som albanerne – racister, uforsonlige nationalister og folk som nægter at træffes med “de andre.”

Men serberne er fire gange så mange og militært og politimæssigt stærkere? Javist, men albanerne er stærkere hvis vi måler på informationsstrategi, sympati rundt om i verden og sammenhold og de har en alternativ økonomi mens Serbiens er ødelagt af krig, sanktioner og omkostningerne ved at holde Kosovo på plads.

Det ville være dejligt hvis man kunne bygge på en enkel teori om ondskab som hovedårsag til MR-krænkelser. Men udover fordømmelse og solidaritet må vi altså også gå til de komplicerede historiske, psykologiske, kulturelle og økonomiske rødder, der får mennesker til at krænke medmennesker på krop og sjæl.

Der skal nok være nogen, der læser ovenstående som et angreb på den gode kamp for MR. Det er deres menneskelig ret. Målene er vi enige om, filosofien og metoderne bør dog altid kunne diskuteres.

Mit egentlige ærinde er at pege på nødvendigheden af en langt stærkere koordinering og integration af det humanitære engagement, en innovativ formel for fredsarbejde = MR + voldsforebyggelse + konfliktløsning + social-økonomisk udvikling + kulturel identitet + omsorgsetik for Naturen. Det er, dybest set, én og samme bestræbelse: kampen for en mindre voldelig verden.

En optimal koordinering, erfaringsudveksling og resourceallokering til integrerede projekter parret med en opblødning af grænserne mellem organisationerne inden for alle disse felter, ville være til gavn for verdens nødlidende – og effektivisere de folkelige organisationers kamp for det gode samfund.

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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