Hur blev vi (mis) informerade före NATO’s krig i Jugoslavien

Vilken roll spelade t ex International Crisis Group i sammanhanget?

Av Lena Carlsson & Edvard Sundby*

En kombination av skickliga politiska manipulationer och okritiska massmedia kan ha bidragit till att bombkriget mot Jugoslavien sattes igång. Manipulationerna gäller bland annat informationen om Rambouilletavtalet. Det mäktiga informationsorganet International Crisis Group, ICG, kan vara en av förklaringarna till medias Natovänliga inställning. ICG tog ensidigt tagit ställning för västsidan under Kosovokonflikten.

När den tyska tidskriften Taz den 6 april publicerade utdrag ur Rambouilletavtalets appendix väckte det stort uppseende. Appendix reglerar vilken status de allierades soldater skulle få i Jugoslavien. I Taz den 12 april skildras hur tre medlemmar i ledningen för det tyska utrikesdepartementet bragtes ur fattningen när de fick läsa utdragen. Det var första gången dessa tre fick veta att avtalet inte bara handlade om en stationering av natotrupper i Kosovo, vilket dittills hade varit förbundsregeringens officiella beskrivning. Istället var det fråga om en Natotrupp som i hela förbundsrepubliken Jugoslavien skulle få samma oinskränkta befogenheter som en ockupationsmakt. Två av politikerna förklarade att de inte kunde ta ställning till texten. En tredje trodde att det rörde sig om en äldre version av avtalet som inte längre var aktuell. Först den 8 april, efter publiceringen i Taz, lämnades texten i appendixdelen ut till det tyska parlamentet, efter påtryckningar från olika partiledamöter.

Då hade Natos bombningar pågått i mer än två veckor. De grönas försvarspolitiska språkrör, Angelika Beer, skrev ett brev till parlamentsgruppen efter Taz publicering. I brevet förklarade hon att om hon den 23 februari, när samtalen i Rambouillet avslutades, hade känt till innehållet i appendix, skulle hon ha krävt att avtalstexten omformulerades under de fjorton dagarnas uppehåll i fredssamtalen som följde. Hon skulle också ha uttalat sig emot att luftangreppet inleddes. Taz publicerade artiklarna 6, 8 och 10 ur Rambouilletavtalets appendix. Enligt artikel 6 skulle Nato och dess personal i förbundsrepubliken Jugoslavien åtnjuta fullständig immunitet såväl civilrättsligt som straffrättsligt. Enligt artikel 8 skulle Natos personal med sina fordon fritt kunna passera genom hela Jugoslavien. Enligt artikel 10 skulle Nato kostnadsfritt kunna utnyttja all infrastruktur i hela Jugoslavien. Dessutom säger artikel 21 att Nato i utövandet av sina befogenheter har rätt att internera människor. Rambouilletavtalet låg på internet redan 23 februari, en månad innan bombningarna började, och samma dag som fredssamtalen i Rambouillet avbröts.

I Sverige spelar Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå, TT, en viktig roll som källa för andra media. TT får i sin tur information från utländska nyhetsbyråer. Som framgår av TTs telegram mellan 20 februari och 1 april beskrivs Rambouilletavtalet endast mycket summariskt. Var det ingen av TT-redaktörerna som kontrollerade avtalets innehåll mer noggrannt?

– Från de utländska byråerna kom endast kortare sammanfattningar till TT 23 februari. Vi hämtade emellertid ganska snart hela avtalstexten från internet men jag minns ej när. Vi försökte också läsa det men fann texten alltför krånglig. Vi tyckte dessutom att massakrer och annat elände som skedde vid den här tiden i Kosovo var viktigare. Men det var förstås fel tänkt. Det som möjligen ursäktar oss är att vi också har andra källor, till exempel International Crisis Group. De har mycket bra analyser, och det är dem jag litar mest på, säger en av de anställda på TTs utrikesavdelning i Stockholm.

International Crisis Group, som bland annat TT använder sig av, är en privat multinationell organisation skapad för att hjälpa världssamfundet vid krishantering. Den får ekonomiskt stöd bland annat från en lång rad regeringar inklusive Sveriges. Bland styrelsemedlemmarna finns före detta statschefer och utrikesministrar, liksom ledande personer inom affärsverksamhet och media. Ordförande är förre senatsledaren i USA, George Mitchell. En granskning av ICGs sidor på internet visar att dess prestigefyllda styrelse knappast råder över en opartisk organisation. Av ICGs policysidor framgår att man arbetar aktivt för att påverka internationella beslutsfattare. Representanter för ICG har regelbundna möten med bland annat Nato, Vita Huset och USAs utrikes- och försvarsdepartement för att diskutera ICGs rekommendationer och resultaten av ICGs undersökningar. I Kosovokonflikten har ICG tydligt tagit ställning för västsidan och Nato. De stödde bombningarna och gick i sina rekommendationer till och med längre än Nato. I en ICG-analys 12 maj uppmanades det internationella samfundet att omedelbart börja förbereda en invasion från norr av själva Serbien samt militära markaktioner mot Belgrad, om inte Milosevic gick med på västs krav.

Partiskheten märks också i själva faktabeskrivningarna. I ICGs texter om fredssamtalen i Rambouillet och Paris framställs Milosevic och serberna som ständiga sabotörer av samtalen. Någon seriös analys av innehållet i Rambouilletavtalet och dess konsekvenser för serberna görs inte. När det gäller Belgrads egen fredsplan, som kom som svar på Rambouilletavtalet den 23 mars, avvisas den i korta raljerande ordalag. Ingenting nämns om den debatt som förekommit på flera håll om Rambouilletavtalets appendix. Inte heller framgår det att samtalen inte var några förhandlingar utan gällde diktat som förelades parterna från Madeleine Albright. Texterna om UCK- gerillan andas förståelse, medan serberna undantagslöst framställs som de största skurkarna.

ICGs bild av de båda huvudaktörerna i konflikternas Kosovo dominerar också bland annat svenska massmedia under månaderna före Natos anfall mot Jugoslavien. Nu ska nedskärningar göras på TT. Risken finns att de anställda då får ännu mindre tid över för kritisk granskning av källor och originalhandlingar. Det bådar inte gott för framtiden med tanke på massmedias stora betydelse när det gäller beskrivningen av konflikter som kan leda till krig.

* Lena Carlsson är frilansjournalist och skriver vanligen om vetenskap och
forskning. Edvard Sundby är kemist och arbetar med förbränningsteknologi
och miljöfrågor.

International Crisis Group, ICG, kan studeras närmre på organisationens hemsida http://www.crisisweb.org

Källa Helsingborg Dagblads kultursida

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