Inga bomber fälldes över Balkan dessa oroliga oktoberdagar. Vi som tror att bomber sällan fungerar som konstruktiv problemlösning kan andas ut. Men vad var det som hände? Och hur kunde de dramatiska förhandlingarna mellan kontaktgruppens medlare Richard Holbrooke och Jugoslaviens president Slobodan Milosevic i så många sammanhang skildras som en ödesmättad strid mellan det goda och det onda. Nu var det Holbrooke som fixade freden. Hade det blivit krig hade Milosevic varit den skyldige. Så kunde det verka. Hur kunde vi överlåta åt dessa två prestigefyllda medelålders maktuppfyllda herrar att avgöra Kosovos öde?

Varför insisterade åtminstone inte vi i det fortfarande alliansfria Sverige på att frågan skulle behandlas i FN:s säkerhetsråd? Visst, Ryssland och Kina hade inlagt veto mot bombningar. Men kanske kunde ett sådant veto trots allt ha bäddat för överläggningar utifrån andra förutsättningar, inte bara som ett Dayton två, utan som verkliga förhandlingar med representanter för de olika viktiga parterna i konflikten.

Att “göra något” behöver inte betyda att bomba.

Trots allt har Holbrooke gjort mycket lite när det gäller att verkligen lindra eller ta steg mot en lösning av de konflikter som gjort Kosovo till orkanens öga på Balkan alltsedan Tito dog. Det Holbrooke åstadkommit är att för en tid avföra Kosovo från den storpolitiska dagordningen och från krigshetsande CNN:s fokus.

Nu ska val hållas inom nio månader, har herrarna i Belgrad bestämt. Problemet är bara att det var länge sedan albanerna accepterade att delta i val, därför att man menar att valhandlingen skulle innebära att man accepterar den nya jugoslaviska statsbildningen. Sannolikheten är mycket stor att också detta val kommer att bojkottas, vilket innebär återgång till ruta ett.

Redan har förhandlingsresultatet förkastats av den albanska sidan som inte fick vara med i förhandlingarna. Varken den informelle presidenten Ibrahim Rugova eller gerillan UCK kan acceptera autonomi inom Serbien utan kräver fullt självstyre. Ett sådant självstyre är internationellt oacceptabelt. Men varför diskuterades inte förslaget med Kosovo som en tredje republik inom det nya Jugoslavien (jämte Serbien och Montenegro)? Det skulle möjligen albanerna kunnat ha acceptera.

Två tusen OSSE-observatörer ska sändas till Kosovo. Europa betalar. Men chefen ska vara amerikansk. USA bestämmer. Situationen i Kosovo har länge varit fullständigt oacceptabel, med terror på låg växel och ett apartheidliknande samhälle, där albanerna varit andra klassens medborgare, utsatta för ständiga polistrakasserier. Till saken hör också att provinsen med sina tv miljoner invånare är en av Europas fattigaste regioner. Under hela nittiotalet har den akuta krisen i Kosovo gjort att få arbetsplatser har fungerat. Skolor och sjukhus har i huvudsak varit segregerade och albanerna har byggt upp ett alternativt samhälle, byggt på icke-samverkan med de serbiska myndigheterna.

Efter det politiska sönderfallet i Albanien förra året fick landet massiv ekonomisk hjälp. Något liknande skulle ha behövts för Kosovo, insatser för att återupprätta det civila samhället och skapa förutsättningar för att återge människor (albaner liksom serber) en framtidstro. Efter allt som hänt kommer en sådan process att ta lång tid. Men finns det något alternativ?

Till militära insatser finns hur mycket pengar som helst. Amerikanska femte flottan har legat beredd i Medelhavet. 260 amerikanska stridsplan ingick i den stridsklara styrkan, varav två Stealth-plan, världshistoriens dyraste vapen, varje plan kostar 16 miljarder kronor.

För bråkdelar av de kostnader som bara förberedelserna till bombningar måste ha kostat skulle mycket ha kunnat uträttas i Kosovo för civilbefolkningen. Men Holbrookes medlande har ju inte gällt deras sak utan snarare gått ut p att ännu en gång låta USA visa musklerna som ensam världsdominerande stat.

I själva verket var ju USA och Nato berett att drastiskt försämra möjligheterna till hjälp åt de bortåt 300.000 kosovoalbanska flyktingarna. Det var mindre viktigt att säkra deras överlevnad än att straffa Milosevic och serberna. Om Nato hade bombat militära mål i Kosovo och Serbien kunde konsekvenserna ha blivit långtgående och oförutsägbara.

Bomberna skulle i maktkampen mellan Milosevic och hans fascistiske vicepremiär-minister Vojislav Seselj ha stärkt den senare. Seselj har de senaste veckorna gått ut med absurda och brutala hotelser mot oberoende medier, internationella hjälparbetare och andra. Han har utlovat hämnd mot SFOR i Bosnien där en partikamrat är president i den serbiska enheten.

Bomber skulle slagit hårt mot oppositionen i Serbien och framförallt i Montenegro, som mer och mer gått sina egna vägar och inte st’ller upp bakom Milosevics Kosovopolitik. Därmed skulle bomber ha förvärrat de konflikter som gjort situationen så akut i Kosovo.

Hur kunde till synes fredliga länder som Danmark och Norge genom att ställa stridsplan till Natos förfogande i praktiken nästintill förklara krig mot Jugoslavien?

Danmark skulle ha deltagit i Nato-aktionen med 115 soldater och en handfull stridsflygplan, vilket regering och Folketing godkänt. Fredsforskaren Bjørn Møller vid Center for Freds- och Konfliktforskning i Köpenhamn, konstaterade i tisdags i en artikel i dagstidningen Information att Danmark och Nato genom hotet om bombningar gör sig skyldiga till klara brott mot folkrätten. Därmed undergrävs den internationella rättsordning, som särskilt har till syfte att skydda de mindre staterna.

Utan respekt för det internationella regelsystemen, var hamnar vi då? Valet – också i Kosovo – står ju högst konkret mellan ett FN grundat för konfliktlösning genom framförallt icke-våld och ett Nato, som bygger på vapenmakt och vapenskrammel. Redan har röster höjts i den ryska duman och ifrågasatt varför Ryssland ska acceptera FN:s vapenembargo till Jugoslavien (Serbien och Montenegro), när Nato med USA i spetsen så oblygt struntar i FN?

Hade Nato bombat Serbien och Kosovo hade det i all synnerhet gått ut över Förenta Nationerna. Jag menar att konflikter och krig p Balkan i hög grad hänger samman med det kalla krigets slut och den nya världsordningen efter Berlinmurens fall, som förvandlade USA till ensam supermakt. USA har använt Bosnien för sina syften. I Bosnien marginaliserades FN medan Nato fick ett nytt existensberättigande. I bakgrunden skymtar bra business för vapenindustrin, som också kammar hem nya stora order p Natos utvidgning.

En av de amerikanska politiker som lett de senaste veckornas häxjakt på Bill Clinton är Newt Gingrich, ärkekonservativ republikan och kongressens talman. Samme Gingrich är en av de republikaner som legat bakom de amerikanska attackerna mot FN, där USA fortfarande inte betalt sina mångmiljardskulder. Senast motiverades detta med att FN också ger stöd åt organisationer som sysslar med abortrådgivning!

I ett tal 1995 sa denne Gingrich: “Utan vårt ledarskap kommer länderna i tredje världen att plundra sina grannar. Utan amerikanskt ledarskap väntar våra barn och barnbarn en mörk och blodig planet i stället för frihet och välstånd. En sådan politiker behöver onda män, ena dagen Saddam Hussein, nästa Slobodan Milosevic.

Frågan är om vi i de små europeiska länderna vill leva i en värld under amerikanskt ledarskap, ytterst byggt på vapenmakt och på den starkares rätt, på superbombplan som detta Stealth. Var bombplanet Stealth svaret på våra drömmar om en bättre värld efter det kalla krigets slut? Är Stealth bättre än FN? Alltför många tycks tro det genom att aningslöst heja p USA brutala våldspolitik.

Så var det ocks under kriget i Bosnien. Men i själva verket förlängde USA kriget där med två Âr. FN-medlaren och förre norske utrikesministern Thorvald Stoltenberg konstaterar i sin bok “De tusen dagarna” att fred i Bosnien skulle ha kunnat slutits redan i december 1993 (i stället för Dayton i december 1995) och att största skillnaden mellan de båda avtalen finns på kyrkogårdarna i flyktinglägren. Det var Washington som i realiteten knäckte det första avtalet.

Också med tanke på detta finns det sannerligen anledning till att vara skeptisk gentemot USA:s aktuella agerande på Balkan, som är en lek med elden. Om Nato hade bombat Serbien, vad hade då hänt i Ryssland? Ger Natos agerande ryska ultranationalister vind i seglen? Vad innebär det för Baltikum? Och vad kan den starkt proserbiska regimen i Vitryssland åstadkomma? Ingen kunde förutspå att det kalla kriget som genom ett trollslag skulle upphöra utan blodspillan. Det som sker nu med aktörer som framförallt USA, Nato och Ryssland kan göra att den fredliga världsordningen knakar i fogarna. Tack och lov för att Sverige än så länge står utanför Nato.

Kulturredaktör på Helsingborgs Dagblad, författare till flera böcker om konflikter och krig p Balkan, bland annat “Kosova utan stjärna” (Carlsson 1993) och medlem i TFF:s konfliktläkningsgrupp, där TFF står för Transnationella Stiftelsen för Freds- och Framtidsforskning i Lund.

Artiklen har också varit tryckt i GöteborgsPosten.

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