Håller USA på att med vapenmakt bygga ett eget globalt imperium, där man ger sig själv en maktens rätt i olika sammanhang?

 Recension av Sören Sommelius,
TFF konfliktläkare och kulturredaktör på Helsingborg Dagblad

FORTRESS AMERICA
The American Military and the Consequences of Peace.
William Greider
Public Affairs
New York 1998

UTANFÖR DEN LILLA staden Killeen i Texas, USA, ligger USA:s största armébas, Fort Hood där 43.000 man är stationerade. Fyrtio procent av den amerikanska arméns utrustning, 11.000 pansarfordon, 2.400 stridsvagnar och en stor mängd helikoptrar, finns uppställda i närheten av staden här, på en rad av inhägnade fält som sträcker sig sammanlagt tio kilometer.

Efter det kalla krigets slut har det skett vissa nedskärningar av den amerikanska försvarsbudgeten, skriver William Greider i en ny bok, “Fortress America” med undertiteln “The American Military and the Consequences of Peace” (Fort Amerika. Den amerikanska militären och fredens konsekvenser).

Men, fortsätter Greider, USA är fortfarande rustat för att utkämpa ett världskrig mot en fiende som inte längre finns. Och landets militära utgifter (årlig budget över 2.000 miljarder kronor) ligger nu på samma nivå som kring 1980, under det kalla krigets värsta kapprustningsår.

Greider är redaktör för tidskriften Rolling Stone och har tidigare arbetat som journalist på Washington Post. Hans bok är ett stycke kvalificerad undersökande journalistik, om ett ämne som sannerligen har globala konsekvenser. I olika kapitel i boken skildrar han i reportageform militära anläggningar eller sådant som vapenhandel.

DAGENS USA ÄR ett tungt rustat fort. Hur har det kunnat förbli så?

Greider pekar inte oväntat på det militär-industriella komplexet, på de intrikata sambanden mellan militären, vapenindustrin och politiska allianser. Dessa strukturer formades särskilt efter andra världskriget och har i bara liten utsträckning påverkats av att världen utanför USA förändrats. Och demokraterna och republikanerna överbjuder varandra med utfästelser om ökade försvarsanslag.

Vapenindustrin producerar ständigt nya generationer vapen. Nyligen sänktes hundra något äldre stridsvagnar i Mexikanska golfen för att skapa ett konstgjort rev för fisk. Häromåret skänktes 45 stridsvagnar till Bosnien och 50 till Jordanien. Och Egypten fick hela 700 stridsvagnar mot att man stod för transportkostnaderna.

USA:s militära industrier söker nu efter nya marknader. Greider menar att östutvidgningen av NATO som skett i dagarna har just detta som främsta syfte. Att Polen, Ungern och Tjeckien är fattiga länder är ett mindre problem. De nya länderna får stora rabatter på sina köp &endash; och fördelaktiga lån. Och inte nog med detta. Man förlägger också viss tillverkning av komponenter till de nya länderna.

EFTER DET KALLA KRIGETS slut har USA:s andel av den internationella vapenhandeln ökat markant &endash; och utgör nu 44 procent. 1995 sålde USA vapen för 100 miljarder kronor, varav tre fjärdedelar till u-länder.

Centraleuropa är inom en femårsperiod en attraktiv marknad för bland annat två hundra stridsflygplan &endash; eller 80 miljarder i rena order, konstaterar Greider.

Eftersom Ryssland har svårt att konkurrera med de amerikanska villkoren bidrar de nya “marknadsvillkoren” att landet i stället säljer till länder som USA lagt handelsembargo på, som Nordkorea, Irak och Algeriet. Det var ju för övrigt tidigare amerikansk och fransk vapenhandel som skapade förutsättningarna för Saddam Husseins angrepp mot Kuwait.

För några år sedan inledde Pentagon ett samarbete med Kina, varifrån man sände upp kommersiell satelliter. Sannolikt överfördes samtidigt avancerad missilteknik till den kinesiska militären, vilket skapade panik i grannländerna och blev en starkt bidragande orsak till den indisk-pakistanska kärnvapenkapprustningen (sedan Kina i sin tur försett Pakistan med missilteknologi för kärnvapen).

Har USA sin stora militärapparat för att försvara mänskliga rättigheter eller för att försvara de transnationella företagens globala marknader, undrar Greider retoriskt. Håller USA på att med vapenmakt bygga ett eget globalt imperium, där man ger sig själv en maktens rätt i olika sammanhang?

Han tar USA:s attacker förra året mot Afghanistan och Sudan som ett exempel på hur USA sätter sig över internationell rätt, på ett vis som man aldrig skulle acceptera från andra länder.

Dagens amerikanska politik är i mycket riktad mot Förenta Nationerna. Greider visar hur detta inte har något stöd bland amerikanska väljare. I gallupundersökningar har över 80 procent sagt sig föredra FN-aktioner i krisområden framför operationer där USA agerar ensamt. Och hela 83 procent av amerikanerna menade att FN borde beskatta internationell vapenhandel och använda pengarna till humanitära ändamål.

GREIDERS BOK ÄR en frän och väldokumenterad kritik både mot dagens amerikanska utrikespolitik som syftar till amerikansk global dominans och mot de militärindustriella amerikanska strukturer som i mycket ligger bakom denna destruktiva politik.

“Omvärlden är inte blind. Den kan se hur USA planerar och producerar spektakulära nya vapensystem, när landets vapenarsenal redan innan är överväldigande överlägsen.”

Greider menar att USA i stället borde använda sin makt till att stärka FN och bidra till att skapa andra institutioner för konfliktlösning och internationell säkerhet.

En ny amerikansk politik skulle förstås krympa det militär-industriella komplexets ekonomiska och politiska makt. De flesta militärer är mentalt förberedda på förändringar i den riktningen &endash; vilket dock inte gäller de transnationella militära gigantiska företagen, vars dolda agenda styr mycket av amerikansk utrikespolitik.

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