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Pankaj Mishra
Buddha i världen
Översättning och förord Zac O’Yeah
Ordfront 2007


Telefonen ringde i den lilla byn Mashobra i indiska Himalaya hemma hos författaren Pankaj Mishra. En vän i Calcutta hade sett förfärliga bilder på tv. Författaren, utan egen mottagare, knackade på hos sin värd herr Sharma, redaktör för en sanskrittidskrift. Men han ville inte bli störd i sin andaktsstund. Några dagar senare såg han på en flimrande svartvit tv hos en puckelryggig bonde i byn bilderna från attentatet mot World Trade Center.

Den indiske författaren hade skaffat sig rummet hos herr Sharma redan 1992 efter avslutade universitetsstudier. För att studera och arbeta på en bok om Buddhas liv hade han sökt isolering i bergen. Arbetet med Buddhaboken skulle komma att ta tolv år. Andra böcker kom till under tiden och Mishra etablerade sig internationellt som författare och skribent i västerländska tidningar som The Guardian och London Review of Books. Men frågan om vad Buddha hade att säga vår tid upptog honom fortfarande och ställdes på sin spets efter den elfte september.

Det blev en bok till slut, Buddha i världen. I Indien hälsades den med entusiasm. I vår har den kommit på svenska i översättning av den i Indien bosatte svenske författaren Zac O’Yeah. I sitt förord berättar Zac O’Yeah att han under de femton år han varit bosatt i Indien sett sin hemstad Bangalore och dess invånare förändras omvälvande, genom välkommet växande välstånd men också genom tidigare okända välfärdssjukdomar. Kan den moderna civilisationens dilemman förstås genom en flertusenårig filosofi? Ja kanske.

Pankaj Mishra söker, skriver Zac O’Yeah, “i de indiska traditionerna efter nycklar till nytänkande och visioner för en värld där civilisationerna förefaller att vara på kollisionskurs”. Mishra är både en sökare och en författare och hans välskrivna bok väcker återkommande reflexioner om detta att vara människa.

Pankaj Mishra föddes 1969 i en by nära gränsen till Nepal, inte så långt från den plats där Buddha föddes i nuvarande Nepal. Hans familj flyttade snart till en stad och Pankaj bestämde sig tidigt för att bli författare. I Mashobra studerade han Buddhas lära och började för säkerhets skull också meditera. Så mycken indisk litteratur om Buddha fann han inte. Trots att Buddha verkade i Indien har den ursprungliga buddhismen nästan helt försvunnit från landet. I Himalaya finns tibetanska buddhister. Andra buddhistiska grupper består av före detta lågkastiga daliter, som konverterat i förhoppning att undkomma kastsamhällets diskriminering. Men den egentliga buddhismen har gått i exil från Indien.

Mishra, som är uppfostrad i en västerländskt influerad familj, fann omvägar till förståelse av buddhismen via västerländska tänkare. Den amerikanske beatpoeten Allen Ginsburg sökte österländsk visdom i Indien. Långt tidigare hade buddhismen attraherat författare som Herman Hesse men också Jorge Luis Borges, Rainer Maria Rilke och Henry David Thoreau och många andra. Einstein hade kallat buddhismen för framtidens religion, eftersom den var kompatibel med modern vetenskap. Några av de största västerländska författarna och intellektuella hade uppenbarligen förstått värdet av tankar som “uttryckts två och ett halvt årtusende senare av en obskyr indisk vishetslärare som suttit under ett träd”, skriver Mishra. Han är själv inte buddhist. Det här är ingen bekännelsebok, snarare en sympatisk tankebok, på en och samma gång självbiografisk, en studie av Buddhas liv och tänkande, en resebok och en essä med reflexioner om Indiens plats i den globaliserade världen.

Författaren ser likheter mellan vår tid och Buddhas, som skeden av omvälvande och snabba förändringar av människors grundläggande materiella villkor. Någonstans inser han att Buddha förmodligen har rätt när han menar att “girighet, hat och självbedrägeri” både är upphov till allt lidande och samtidigt själva livets ursprung. Han tar till sig vikten av att bringa etik till vardagslivet, så som Buddha betonar, att sinnet är där vansinnet uppstår, att sinnesro är något grundläggande för varje individ. Då har Mishra lämnat Himalaya och gett sig ut i världen. Med åren har han blivit en privilegierad, globaliserad författare och kulturskribent som återkommande bor långa perioder i väst, särskilt i London. Han ser tillbaka på sitt liv, den unge studenten i Allahabad som hoppades på revolution, ynglingen i Himalaya som ville skriva en bok om Buddha för att bli författare och nu den rastlöse världsresenären, en intellektuell vagabond. Men inte bara han själv förändras. Den isolerade byn Mashobra har blivit attraktiv för fastighetsspekulanter, där har byggts ett femstjärnigt hotell, kabel-tv har introducerats.

Kan Buddhas idéer tillämpas i en så snabbt föränderlig värld som vår? Kan Buddha ge hjälp åt människor som kämpar mot politiskt förtryck, sociala och ekonomiska orättvisor och miljöförstörelse? Mishra formulerar frågorna utan att ange enkla svar. För buddhismen står det dagliga enkla livet i centrum. Men det mesta i vår tid fokuserar på andra värden, tillväxt, ökad förbrukning och mångfaldigade behov av ständigt nya varor och tjänster, allt det som Buddha varnade för. I London funderar Pankaj Mishra över de brittiska kolonisatörer som erövrade världen. Varför gav de sig iväg? Varför ville de erövra världen och göra den likadan som sin egen? “… vad för slags ny mening har de givit – i sina försök att omdana en mångfacetterad mänsklighet till sin egen avbild – åt idén om att vara människa.”

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