Helsingborgs Dagblad

20 maj

2000-talets krig utkämpas nu mot Jugoslavien med nya vapenteknologier för svindlande kostnader. Det handlar om krig i rymden men också om krig med projektiler av radioaktiv uran.

“NATOS KRIG mot Jugoslavien ger en aning om hur det 21:a århundradets krig kommer att se ut. Nya vapen har utvecklats med otroligt avancerad teknologi och till svindlande kostnader. Det som var fantasifull science fiction i går håller på att bli morgondagens svårfattbara realitet.”

Goetz Neuneck från tyska Institutet för Fredsforskning och Säkerhetspolitik i Hamburg är en av deltagarna i ett seminarium om “militära teknologier och deras framtida inverkan på fred och säkerhet” under den nyligen avslutade fredskonferensen i holländska Haag, “The Hague Appeal for Peace 1999”.

USA driver den vapenteknologiska utvecklingen och står för hälften av de globala militärkostnaderna. Den senaste budgeten ger Pentagon 281 miljarder dollar. Därtill kommer 112 miljarder i indirekta satsningar.

Balkan har under de senaste månaderna blivit ett övningsfält där amerikansk militär spetsteknologi testas, ofta i strid för första gången. Det gäller till exempel B2-Stealth som fått sitt elddop i bombningarna av Jugoslavien, där varje plan kostar svindlande 16 miljarder kronor.

NATO DÖDADE i förra veckan bortåt 100 flyktingar vid en attack mot byn Korisa från 5.000 meters höjd.

Vid anfallet användes så kallade “clusterbomber”, (druvklasbomber) där varje bomb består av 300 stålkulor av vardera en coca-colaburks storlek. En sådan bomb har en sprängkraft som verkar över ytan av en fotbollsplan.

I förra veckan dumpade amerikanska stridsflygplan hundratals clusterbomber i havet utanför Venedig, bara 10 – 30 km från land, för att piloterna skulle kunna landa säkrare efter ett uppdrag. En kuststräcka blev avspärrad och minsveptes sedan bomberna drivit med strömmen.

Fiskare från Chioggia fick upp bomber i näten och skadades. en av dem livshotande.

Nato “undersöker fallet” och “utesluter inte” att bomberna (med amerikansk märkning) kan ha släppts från Natos bombplan, enligt brittiska The Times (15.5).

För en månad sedan inträffade en liknande händelse när Natoplan släppte laserstyrd ammunition och clusterbomber i den italienska sjön Lago di Garda, bara 200 meter från en turistbadstrand.

– Problemet med clusterbomber är att alla inte detonerar omedelbart, berättade Goetz Neuneck. Många ligger kvar långt efter bombningarna och utlöses vid vibrationer.

– Vi måste identifiera och analysera ny vapenteknologi och stärka klassiska avtal, understryker Goetz Neuneck.

EFTER MASSAKERN på flyktingarna i Korisa hävdade Nato att man bombat ett militärt mål och att den jugoslaviska armén använder flyktingar som “mänskliga sköldar”. Många medier accepterade beskrivningen, trots att inget belägg hittills presenterats. Det hette till och med att filmen i det bombande planet tyvärr hade “tagit slut” mitt under aktionen.

USA har dock andra möjligheter att följa vad som händer på marken, genom spionsatelliter.

Kriget i Kosovo är också ett rymdkrig.

– USA:s spionsatelliter tar bilder med en upplösning på 10 cm eller bättre, sa Jürgen Scheffran, tysk forskare från INES, Det internationella nätverket av forskare för globalt ansvar. Det ryktas att satelliterna till och med kan läsa rubriker i en tidning.

Scheffran är specialist på bruket av rymden för militära ändamål.

– Många tror att rymdkriget avskrevs efter Reagans ihärdiga arbete för “Stjärnornas krig”. Men det motsatta är fallet. Programmen finns kvar om än modifierade. Årets budget för militära rymdprogram uppgår till 20 miljarder dollar ochsyftar till att ge USA total militär dominans i rymden. Förutom spionsatelliter och satelliter för elektronisk avlyssning av telefonsamtal och e-post finns nu satelliter som drivs av kärnkraftverk med plutonium för att serva högenergilaservapen som till exempel kan förstöra fientliga satelliter.

Det är lätt att fundera över vad ett tekniskt fel kan medföra.

– Vi kräver förbud mot kärnkraft i rymden.

RADIOAKTIVA GRANATER och ammunition, gjord av DU, s k “depleted uran”, eller “åderlåtet uran”, användes för första gången i Golfkriget. Uran i naturen har 0.7 procent av den radioaktiva uran-isotopen. Genom en anrikningsprocess framställs bränsle till kärnkraftverk (där den radioaktiva halten är 3.6 procent) eller till kärnvapen (95 procent). Det som blir kvar är åderlåtet uran, DU, med en radioaktiv halt på 0.3 procent, alltså lågstrålande uran.

DU finns nu i stora mängder. Det är därmed billigt och dessutom tyngre och hårdare än jämförbara metaller ˆ och ett idealiskt material för pansarbrytande projektiler, för ammunition och granater.

Under Golfkriget avfyrades över 300 ton DU-ammunition. Och samma ammunition används också nu i kriget mot Jugoslavien.

Som tungmetall är DU extremt giftigt och förångas vid användning. Vid storskalig anläggning uppstår därtill radioaktiv permanent nedsmutsning av miljön.

Det har nu kommit rapporter om förhöjd radioaktivitet i luften från Makedonien. Kan det bero på användningen av DU?

Haagkonferensens centrala dokument formulerar i 50 punkter en agenda för fred och rättvisa inför nästa århundrade. I punkt 47 kräver konferensen att allt bruk av “depleted uran” för vapen ska förbjudas i internationella överenskommelser, som vapen för massförstörelse. Man påminner också om “The Outer Space Treaty” från 1967, som förbjuder utplacerandet av massförstörelsevapen i rymden.

Dock har USA:s vilja att följa den här sortens internationella fördrag hittills varit närmast obefintlig.

STEVE WRIGHT från brittiska Omega Foundation varnar för ett helt annat slag av nya vapen.

– Ni civila är målet för dessa vapen, utarbetade för att med avancerad teknologi “lösa” social problem.

Det här är inte “militära vapen” utan “polisvapen”. Här finns vapen som förlamar eller skapar omedelbara akuta kräkningar (till exempel bland människor i en demonstration). Andra vapen slår ut samverkan mellan nerver och muskler så att de drabbade blir som gelé och faller omkull på marken. Laservapen finns nu för upploppsbekämpning. “Riktade energivapen” kan med mikrovågor oskadliggöra stora grupper människor.

– I mina ögon rör det sig om en generation nya vapen som fungerar somredskap för industriell människorättskränkning.

Wright fortsätter med oro.

– Dessa vapen är också idealiska för en intervention med marktrupper i Kosovo. Jag fruktar att vi får se dem användas där inom någon månad.

Sören Sommelius
Sosommelius@hd.se
Tel: 042-17 50 45

Fotnot: Information om militär användning av “depleted uran” kan fås på många ställen på internet, till exempel i USA hos Military Toxic Project, http://www.miltoxproj.org/. Deras hemsida förmedlar också en bekräftelse från amerikansk militär att DU-vapen använts i kriget mot Jugoslavien.

Vapen – en hälsofrågaKanske är krigets lagar väl så viktiga som det civila livets lagar.I Haag för exakt 100 år sedan upprättades 1899 Den internationella domstolen. Ett av domstolens första beslut var att förbjuda så kallade dumdum-kulor.Det finns olika principer när det gäller användningen av vapen i krig.Vapen får inte vålla onödigt lidande. Nya vapen ställer nya legala frågor.- Vapen är en hälsofråga, säger Lune Reska från ICRC, Internationella Röda Korset.ICRC arbetar inom det så kallade Sirus-projektet med att definiera kriterier för vilka vapen som skapar sådant onödigt lidande. Det gäller vapen som skapar onormala psykiska tillstånd, som är mer än 25 procent dödliga, som ger upphov till tredje gradens brännskador eller ger effekter som inte kan behandlas medicinskt.Kärnvapen är ett exempel på vapen som uppfyller alla kriterier. Att hota med kärnvapen eller använda dem är följaktligen brott mot mänskligheten, vilket den internationella domstolen i Haag fastställt 1996.Många menar att de clusterbomber som Nato nu använder i bombningarna av Jugoslavien strider mot krigets lagar på samma vis som de antipersonella landminor som de flesta av jordens länder (dock inte USA) förbundit sig att inte använda.Krig får vidare bara föras mot militära mål, inte mot civila. Kan en TV-station vara ett militärt mål?- Det är uppenbart ett brott mot internationella humanitära lagar att döda journalister. Fotnot: Internationella Röda korset finns på internet på www.icrc.org.

© Helsingborgs Dagblad

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