“62% av de unga i Bosnien skullevilja lämna sitt landom de bara kunde.”

Emina Babovic från människorättsorganisationen Medborgarforum i bosniska Tuzla, är uppgiven. “Alla vill ge sig av från Bosnien. Ingen ser någon framtid där.”

Kriget i Bosnien upphörde med Daytonavtalet 1995. Tio år senare råder en bräcklig fred. Krigsekonomin har inte ersatts av en fredsekonomi. Folk med bakgrund i paramilitära banditband och krigsprofitörer behärskar en maffiaekonomi, med förgreningar in i den politiska makten.

“Vem vann krigen på Balkan? Dayton och konsekvenserna för världsordningen” var titeln för en tvådagarskonferens i dagarna med ett 30-tal deltagare, arrangerad av Göteborgs universitet.* * *

Dayton gjorde lite eller inget för att läka och lindra de interna konflikter som låg till grund för kriget. Bosniens uppdelning i två eller rentav tre enheter har inte lett till en gynnsam fredsprocess och det stärkande av ekonomin som skulle kunna ha varit motorn i fredsbyggandet. Den bosniska civilbefolkningen far illa. Maffian i Bosnien omsätter lika mycket som statsbudgeten. Landets styrs som ett protektorat. Det internationella samfundet utser ett slags överordnad president, Den Höge Representanten, med stor personlig makt, Carl Bildt var den förste på posten. Nu regerar britten Lord Paddy Ashdown – allsmäktigt och i vissa avseenden “laglöst”.

Daytonavtalet skapade en monsterstat, menade någon. Juristen Frank Orton, mellan 2000 och 2004, JO i Sarajevo instämde.

– Det är djupt olyckligt att Dayton bygger på konstituerande folk. Och att Den Höge Representanten predikar lagen för bosnierna, samtidigt som han inte är så bra på att följa den själv och avskedar folk utan rättegång och rätt att överklaga.

I förra veckan sparkade han en av de tre som delar presidentposten, kroaten Dragan Covic.

– Bristande respekt för minoriteter och diskriminering skapar ett slags “mjuk” etnisk rensning i ex-Jugoslavien. Utbildningen har blivit nationalistisk med tre olika läroplaner, med olika tolkningar av det förflutna, av det kulturella arvet och utan “erfarenhet av de andra”, det som så djupgående kännetecknade Jugoslavien.

Srdjan Dizdarevic är pessimistisk. Han är ordförande i Helsingforskommittén i Bosnien-Hercegovina.

Bosniens ekonomi motsvarar 45 procent av förkrigsekonomin. Halva befolkningen är fattig och en sjättedel lever under fattigdomsgränsen.

Femton procent av alla har tjänat på kriget. Alla övriga är förlorare.* * *

Ljubisa Rajic, professor i skandinavistik vid universitetet i Belgrad, talar om ekonomin, där privatiseringar varit påbjudet.

– Det har ofta betytt att krigsprofitörerna köper upp industrin. Svarta pengar tvättas. Snart får jag antagligen söka stipendier från “Arkans minnesfond”.

(Arkan eller Zeljko Raznatovic var ledare för en serbisk paramilitär grupp, Arkans tigrar. Han hade ett kriminellt förflutet i bl a Sverige och mördades för fem år sedan i en hotellfoajé i Belgrad i en maffiauppgörelse.)

– Vad alla längtar efter är en politiker som Per Albin Hansson, någon som kan ge de jugoslaviska folken arbete, bostäder och social trygghet.

– Är enda lösningen att återuppfinna Jugoslavien?, undrade freds- och konfliktprofessorn Björn Hettne med glimten i ögat.

USAs roll i den process som ledde till Daytonavtalet diskuterades livligt. Hur många minns i dag att den neokonservatiove politikern Richard Perle, en av arkitekterna bakom Irakkriget, deltog i den bosniska delegationen under Daytonförhandlingarna?

Två förhållningssätt står mot varandra, sa Björn Hettne, det europeiska och det amerikanska.

– I USA är det en utbredd uppfattning att man har rätt att använda våld för att tvinga folk till frihet.* * *

Jens Sörensen, doktorand vid universitetet i Florens, diskuterade ekonomin och särskilt Kosovo.

– Daytonavtalet skapade vapenvila i Bosnien men provocerade fram krig i Kosovo.

– Dagens Kosovo är en maffiaekonomi. 70 procent av Västeuropas heroinsmuggling kommer härifrån, 80 procent av allt heroin i Sverige har passerat Kosovo. Genom handel med prostituterade, trafficking, säljer den albanska maffian 120.000 prostituerade om året. Den här verksamheten är klanbaserad och utgår från 15-talet familjer i nära samarbete med den italienska maffian.

Hur ska Kosovofrågan lösas? Det finns inga enkla lösningar.

– Om Kosovo förblir en del av Serbien, enligt gällande FN-resolution, är det mot den kosovalbanska majoritetens vilja. Då måste Nato tvinga dem att acceptera. Men om Kosovo ges självständighet innebär det att man accepterar att statsgränser kan ändras med fysiskt våld. Varför ska då inte serberna i Bosniska Republika Srpska få sin egen stat – eller tjetjenerna? Och vad händer med västra Makedonien där det finns albansk befolkningsmajoritet?* * *

I ett inlägg förde jag själv fram tanken på en ny konferens om Bosnien och ex-Jugoslavien för att mera djupgående än i det hårt USA-styrda Dayton diskutera försoningsprocesser och ekonomisk utveckling.

Jag fick glädjande medhåll av Jan Eliasson,  Sveriges ambassadör i Washington och inom kort ordförande i FN:s generalförsamling.

– Avtalet har klara brister. Det är ohållbart på sikt. Något slags omförhandling borde ske och kanske bäst i samband med EU-utvidgningen. Det måste finnas ett ljus i slutet av tunneln.

– Antagligen finns den bästa lösningen för Balkan i en europeisk dimension.

Jan Eliasson trodde också att diskussionen om Kosovos status kommer att bli intensiv under de kommande åren. Han menade att man måste undvika att dela upp världen efter etniska eller religiösa linjer, eftersom det leder till den oacceptabla principen att olika folk inte kan leva tillsammans.

Ulf Henricsson, tidigare chef för nordiska bataljonen i Bosnien och senare OSSE-chef i Bosnien, trodde att fredsbyggandet kommer att ta lång tid.

– Krigen på Balkan var inte etniska utan nomenklaturans sistra strid om makten. Nu finns inga enkla snabba lösningar. Det kommer att ta två generationer eller trettio år innan en stabil fred återskapats, i ex-Jugoslavien liksom i Afghanistan eller Irak.* * *

Krigets pris är högt. Lika lätt som det är att inleda ett krig, lika svårt är det att bygga en stabil fred. Till vapen och krigsinsatser finns alltid pengar, men sällan till fredsbyggande långsiktigt arbete.

För Bosnien och Kosovo tillkommer dilemmat att Balkan hamnat utanför massmediernas fokus. En knagglig fredsprocess, civilbefolkningens umbäranden och krigsprofitörernas maffiaekonomi – ingetdera är tillräckligt upphetsande för att bli Breaking News på CNN eller mer än notiser i svenska medier.

I december 2004 tog EUFOR, europeiska trupper över i Bosnien efter SFOR. Frågan är om det gör någon skillnad.

Omvärlden har ett stort ansvar. Att bara fortsätta som nu med Bosnien och Kosovo som odemokratiskt styrda protektorat är kostsamt, destruktivt, omoraliskt och farligt, inte bara för folken på Balkan utan för hela Europa.

Krig kan få kosta hur mycket som helst. Fredsbyggande är däremot få beredda att satsa på.

Sören Sommelius

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