Vi kan lære af den forudsigelige fiasko i Irak

Fredsforskeren Jan Øberg, der er direktør for Den Transnationale Stiftelse for Freds- og Fremtidsforskning, TFF, i Lund havde små 200 samtaler med mennesker på alle niveauer i Irak før krigen. Den 3. juni udgiver han “Forudsigelig fiasko. Konflikten med Irak og Danmark som besættelsesmagt” (Tiderne Skifter), der drøfter hele forløbet og opstiller et 19-punkts program for hvorledes det – måske – kan blive bedre i Irak. Hvis vi kan erkende vore egne fejl så blir der bedre muligheder for at redde situationen, mener han.

Besættelsen af Irak vil aldrig lede til fred, demokrati eller noget andet godt for irakerne. Jo længere den varer, jo værre konsekvenser vil denne forudsigelige fiasko få for Irak, for USA, for Danmark og for resten af verden.

Set i sammenhæng med Israel-Palæstina-konflikten er Irak den mest konsekvensrige enkeltkonflikt i verden; desværre er den blevet håndteret med lige dele konfliktanalfabetisme og selvretfærdighed parret med en kulturforagt, der nærmer sig racisme. Og derfor blev der krig.

Og hvis dét ikke var årsagen til krigen og besættelsen så er dagens tragedie en konsekvens af imperialisme i hvilken konflikthåndtering er magtpolitikkens fortsættelse med andre midler.

Det eneste positive, der kan komme ud af det hele er, at vi kan få afklaret hvordan vi skal håndtere konflikter i fremtiden. Selverkendelsen vil også åbne mulighed for at hæve besættelsen og hjælpe irakerne i årene fremover.

1. Voldelige midler leder ikke til fred. Irak er det seneste og mest mislykkede forsøg på at håndtere konflikter med vold. Hvis militære indsatser skal være fredsfremmende må de bygge på et minimum af kundskab og konfliktanalyse. På 8. år fungerer Dayton-Bosnien ikke; Kosovo-missionen er ved at bryde sammen; Serbien er fattigt og ydmyget og sidder med 600,000 flygtninge ingen vil vide af. I Kroatien regerer igen det parti, som førte krig ud af Jugoslavien, og landet er mere etnisk rent end før krigen. Det er ikke sikkert at Makedonien overlever som stat efter den krig vesten lod kosovo-albanske ekstremister fremprovokere dér.

Afghanistan er atter i opium-bøndernes og de lokale krigsherrers hænder.

Er civile midler bedre? Diktatorer som Shahen af Iran og Marcos på Filippinerne faldt takket være folkelig mobilisering. Havde Solidarnosc brugt våben kunne Sovjetunionen have besat Polen; Milosevic faldt ikke efter ti år af diplomatisk isolering, hårde sanktioner og 78 dages bombninger men da 300,000 mennesker satte stop på parlamentet trappe og politiet praktiserede civil ulydighed. Shevardnadze måtte gå takket være ikkevold.

Verden synes endnu ikke at have opdaget at den gamle kolde krig ophørte takket være tre ikkevoldelige tings samvirken: Gorbatjovs nye politik, de østlige dissidenter og den vestlige fredsbevægelse

2. Saddam var et produkt af våbenhandel. Problem Irak og Saddam må ses i forbindelse med den globale våbenhandel som helhed. De fem permanente medlemmer af FNs Sikkerhedsråd, der har kørt hele sagen med det formål at afvæbne Irak, har alle selv masseødelæggelsesvåben og står tilsammen bag 85% af verdens våbeneksport.

Våbeneksporterende regeringer vendte det blinde øje til Saddams krænkelser af menneskerettighederne, hans gasning af sine egne borgere, hans krige, hans ambitioner om at besidde masseødelæggende våben og hans diktatoriske stil. De gjorde gode forretninger og brugte ham til deres egne udenrigspolitiske mål.

Dagens største våbenhandlere kan ikke samtidig være dem, der skal dømme andre i disse sager. Våbenhandel må bringes under kontrol.

3. Vi må reducere afhængigheden af olie. Olie er ikke det eneste men ét centralt motiv bag USAs krigspolitik. Tallene varierer lidt, men USA importerer i dag lidt mere end halvdelen af sit olieforbrug og omkring 2020 år vil nærme sig 70% eller mere. USA selv besidder kun 2% af verdens reserver og omkring 1/4 af dets import kommer fra Kuwait, Saudi-Arabien og Irak.

Situationen er ikke bedre i Europa. Allerede i dag er 75% af hele EUs forbrug baseret på olie. Det nuværende globale olieforbrug ligger på omkring 77 millioner tønder om dagen og det beregnes at stige til 115 millioner i 2020, altså med næsten 50%. Enhver kan se at at EU således også vil blive stadigt mere afhængig af olieimport udefra.

Olieprisen per fad ligger nu på 41 dollars; det vil have store konsekvenser for verdensøkonomien, ikke mindst de fattige olieimporterende landes befolkninger. Sikkerhedspolitik burde handle om energi og reduktion af vores sårbarhed – et hovedpunkt forresten i min bog om At udvikle sikkerhed og sikre udvikling for 21 år siden (Vindrose Forlag).

4. Eksistensen af masseødelæggende våben er problemet, ikke spredningen. Irak var i praksis afvæbnet for masseødelæggende våben i 1996-97. Ingen planlægger at destruere disse våben dér hvor de findes som f.eks. i USA, England, Frankrig, Kina, Indien, Pakistan og Israel, skønt ethvert atomvåben strider mod Ikkespredningsaftalen fra 1970. Det er den juridisk bindende traktat, der siger at de, der har atomvåben, skal nedruste dem mod at de, der gerne vil erhverve dem, skal afstå og i stedet hjælpes til at få civil atomkraft.

Hverken den politiske debat eller medier fokuserer på at de egentlige “forbrydere” i folkeretslig og moralsk forstand er dem, der har kernevåben og har doktriner for at bruge dem. Hvis atommagterne ned- og afrustede sine masseødelæggelsesvåben ville den væsentligste enkeltårsag til spredningen falde bort.

5. Lærdomme vedrørende konflikthåndtering. Alt hvad vi véd om psykologiske mekanismer bliver trådt under fode på international niveau. Overalt i verden savner beslutningstagere professionel kundskab om konflikthåndtering – omend de kan være gode diplomater, militærfolk eller ministre. Verden har stort set ingen fredsakademier. Det ville spare os alle for megen fortræd hvis man husker disse ting næste gang:

a) Lær det grundlæggende om konflikthåndtering, altså om konfliktanalyse, konfliktforståelse, konfliktløsning, mægling og forsoning. Under krig og vold ligger en konflikt. Vi behøver mere konfliktjournalistik og mindre krigsreportage.

b) Tilvejebring så megen og så forskelligartet information om landet og konflikten, så man kan formulere en kompleks, intelligent politik med flere handlingsveje åbne. Luk derfor aldrig ambassader; hold altid kommunikationskanaler åbne.

c) Udvikl altid flere eller alternative planer. Byg aldrig på krigen som den eneste mulighed. Hvis der kun findes en plan, er der ingen reel valgfrihed.

d) Hvis du er imod krig så sig ja til andre veje. Det er ikke nok at demonstrere med slogans som “Nej til krig”; der må være svar på spørgsmålet: hvis ikke krig, hvordan vil du så løse konflikten?

e) Princippet om at min fjendes fjende er min ven er en kortsigtet strategi. Saddam var vor fordi han bekæmpede Khomeini i Iran, Vestens fjende.

f) Fred med krigeriske midler fungerer ikke i ni af ti tilfælde. FN-Pagten taler om fred med fredelige midler. Ikkevold er en internationalt accepteret norm og Pagtens højeste mål er at afskaffe krig.

g) Forud for krig udgør smukke motiver højst 1/10 af virkeligheden. De hårde interesser, realpolitikken og magtens spil udgør 9/10.

h) Der er altid to virkeligheder – dels den virtuelle, inklusive propagandaens, markedsføringens og den psykologiske krigsførelses, og dels den faktiske, som man bedst får greb om ved eget øjesyn på stedet.

i) Der findes ingen konflikter i hvilke den ene er helt sort/ond og den anden helt hvid/god. Hvis sandheden er krigens første offer, er kompleksiteten det andet, selvkritikken det tredje og fairness formentlig det fjerde offer.

j) Forsøg ikke på konflikthåndtering uden om FN og uden for folkeretten i øvrigt. Verdensorganisationen er langtfra perfekt, men den bør betragtes som den vigtigste organisation, indtil vi en dag har udviklet en anden og bedre. En verden, der køres af de militært stærkeste uden for FNs normer er en langt farligere og uciviliseret verden end den, vi har selv med et svagt FN.

k) Tag udgangspunkt i befolkningernes tarv og ikke kun i hvem der er gode og onde på regeringsniveau. Havde vi haft den irakiske befolknings vé og vel som højeste prioritet, var konflikten blevet håndteret på en helt anden måde. Nu blev irakerne istedet usynliggjort eller slået i hartkorn med Saddam.

6. Krigen mod terrorister og mod Irak har øget verdens usikkerhed. Angrebet den 11. september 2001 var en kriminel handling mod USAs økonomiske og militære centre, men det var ikke en krig(serklæring) mod USA eller den vestlige kultur. Bush-regimet valgte derimod at bruge 11. september som et påskud for en global krig mod terrorismen med uendeligt større voldsarsenaler og uforholdsmæssig stor destruktion af Afghanistan og senere Irak.

Derefter er den internationale terrorisme vokset. Iraks territorium er blevet en magnet for irakiske selvmordsbombere og andre terrorister og al-Queda-netværket “svarer” igen i den djævelske spiral, der i marts 2004 nåede til Spanien, en af besættelsesmagternes tættest allierede. Vi vil opleve mee “blow back” eller boomeranger i fremtiden.

Man skaber mere terrorisme når man “besvarer” gruppeterrorisme med stats-terrorisme og jager terrorister i stedet for at angribe grobunden for terrorismen. For det andet skaber forfejlede krige et bundløst had mod USA. Den der stiller sig kritikløst bag USA kan meget vel blive ramt, også Danmark. For det tredje er vi nu på vej til at lukke det åbne samfund.

Vi må derfor begynde en alvorlig debat og folkeoplysning om hvorledes terrorismen kan bekæmpes og udryddes med civile midler.

7. Sanktioner er et masseødelæggende våben. De 12 år med historiens mest kvælende sanktioner indebærer at der i dag er en halv til en hel million færre irakere i live end der ellers ville have været. 300,000 børn og unge er klinisk traumatiserede i dag.

Dette bør sidestilles med folkemord for sanktionernes beslutningstagerne vidste hvad de gjorde. Skoler, sundhedsvæsen, kultur og infrastruktur blev ødelagt. Denne del af ødelæggelsen af det irakiske samfund kan ikke tilskrives Saddam. I de 12 år faldt irakernes levestandard fra cirka Portugals til Lesothos niveau, altsammen ifølge pålidelig FN-statisk og mine samtaler med samtlige chefer for FN i Baghdad forud for krigen.

Vi føler vrede over billederne fra Abu Ghraib og dyb medfølelse med ofrene. Sådan skal det være. Men det er for intet at regne med den moralske og kulturelle forbrydelse, verden gennem Sikkerhedrådet påførte de 24 millioner medmennesker i Irak. Og de gjorde det i praksis umuligt for irakerne at fjerne Saddam selv. Uden om hans indre bur satte vi et ydre, og det gavnede kun ham.

Vi har ét problem, der måske er større end alle de andre: hvordan lærer vi at sige undskyld, betale kompensation, skabe forsoning og ny tillid mellem os og menneskene i Irak. Eet véd jeg, hverken regeringer eller penge alene kan gøre det. Der vil også være brug for et nyt, omfattende og mangeårigt mellemfolkeligt samarbejde.

JAN ØBERG

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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