MIDDLE EAST ILLUSIONS
Av: Noam Chomsky
Rowman & Littlefeld
Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford 2003.

USA har motiverat tre stora krig efter varandra med moraliska argument. Bombningarna av Jugoslavien 1999 kallades en “humanitär intervention”. Kriget mot Afghanistan två år senare motiverades till slut med att man ville krossa den förhatliga talibanregimen. Och bombningarna av Irak i år gällde ju inte bara de massförstörelsevapen (som inte verkar ha funnits) utan i lika hög grad en misshaglig regim. I alla tre krigen fanns på köpet män som i propagandan personifierade “ondskan”, Slobodan Milosevic, Osama bin Ladin och Saddam Hussein. Krigen framställdes som de goda krafternas krig mot de onda.

Bedriver USA krig efter krig mot “de onda” för att upprätthålla respekten för de mänskliga rättigheterna?

Nej, knappast, konstaterar Noam Chomsky i sin senaste bok, “Middle East Illusions”, en samling texter om Mellanöstern och särskilt USA:s politik gentemot regionen. Bokens första del behandlar åren 1968 – 73 och har tidigare publicerats i bokform 1974 i “Peace in Middle East?”. Ett följande avsnitt behandlar liknande ämnen trettio år senare, 1997 – 2002 och ett avslutande kapitel utgår från kriget mot terrorismen.

USA säger sig skydda mänskliga rättigheter, men det gäller enbart när det ligger i det egna politiska intresset, påpekar Chomsky. Det motsatta är vanligare. Saddam Hussein anklagades upprepade gånger av USA:s president under förspelet till kriget för att ha “gasat sin egen befolkning”. Det är riktigt skriver Chomsky, men tre ord fattas, “with our support”. USA:s hjälp till Irak fortsatte och ökade efter gasningen av Halabja.

Offren där var kurder. I Turkiet har kurderna länge diskriminerats. Ändå har USA gett massiv militär hjälp till den turkiska regimen. 1997 var den större än till något annat land, Israel och Egypten undantagna. USA stod länge för 80 procent av Turkiets vapen, jetplan, stridsvagnar, napalm – som användes mot den kurdiska befolkningen i landet, med tiotusentals döda, två till tre miljoner flyktingar och bortåt 3.500 förstörda kurdiska byar.

Chomsky jämför Turkiets operationer in i Iraks kurdiska områden med Israels krig i södra Libanon under 22 år, också de ett brott mot FN-resolutioner. Enligt libanesiska källor dödades under de åren omkring 45.000 – med amerikanskt stöd.

“Hur uppmärksammades allt detta i USA?”, undrar Chomsky retoriskt. “Mycket enkelt: med tystnad.”

Under en tid ersattes Turkiet av El Salvador som gynnad mottagare av militärt stöd. Det skedde under en period då regimen slaktade sin egen befolkning. 1999 fick Columbia samma position, det land på västra halvklotet som gjort sig känt för värst kränkningar av de mänskliga rättigheterna.

I september 2000 inleddes i Israel-Palestina det som kommit att kallas al-Aqsa-intifadan, efter Ariel Sharons besök på tempelberget i Jerusalem. Några dagar efter denna begivenhet angrep israeliska helikoptrar palestinska bostadsområden och dödade dussintals. Attackhelikoptrarna hade givetvis levererats av USA. Amnesty protesterade och krävde att leveranserna skulle stoppas. Några månader senare skrev USA kontrakt med den israeliska regeringen på nya avancerade Apache attackhelikoptrar för fyra miljarder kronor. Också detta förbigicks i amerikanska medier med nästan total tystnad. Israels krig mot den palestinska befolkningen skulle knappast kunna föras som nu utan det massiva militära amerikanska stödet.

Chomsky uppmärksammar i bokens sista avsnitt USA:s krig mot terrorismen. Det är inget nytt, konstaterar han. Han citerar en amerikansk utrikesminister: Den mest alarmerande formen av terror är skrämmande nära USA, “en cancer på vår egen kontinent, något som vi måste operera bort”. I samma tal handlade det om ett land som öppet förnyat samma mål som i Hitlers Mein Kampf.

Nu gällde det inte Mellanöstern. Nej landet som utgjorde ett allvarligt hot mot USA på detta skrämmande vis var – Nicaragua, vid slutet av 80-talet. Utrikesminister George Schultz i Ronald Reagans regering var beredd att ta till alla medel mot denna nicaraguanska cancer. Schultz fördömde de som menade att “problemet Nicaragua” borde lösas med “utopiska, legala medel” via FN eller Internationella domstolen. I stället skulle Nicaragua attackeras med legosoldater från Honduras, där vid denna tid John Negroponte var ambassadör, samme politiker som nu under Bush är USA:s FN-ambassadör.

Finns det några möjligheter till fred i Mellanöstern? Chomsky diskuterar “fredsprocessen” som en del av USA:s globala strategi. Med den nuvarande ultrakonservativa amerikanska regimens politiska dubbelspel är det sannerligen inte lätt att se öppningar.

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